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Glossary

Definition

(n) a small vessel propelled by oars, paddle, sails, or motor for travelling, transporting goods, etc., especially one that can be carried aboard a larger vessel

Parts of speech:  

noun: boat, boats


Synonyms: barge, canoe, craft, raft, sailboat, ship, yacht

Collocations: wooden boat; small boat; river boat; passenger boat; pilot boat; take a boat out; steer boat; anchor boat; boat operator; boat ramp; boat ride; boat trip

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Our boat is crewed by three people.
The captain steered the boat.
Only two passengers arrived on the boat.
The red boat sailed out to sea.
The boat was anchored.

Definition

(v) to rest or cause to rest on the surface of a fluid or in a fluid or space without sinking; be buoyant or cause to exhibit buoyancy

Parts of speech:  

verb: float/floats, floating, floated
noun: float, floats
adjective: floating


Synonyms: drift, glide, sail, be buoyant, stay afloat, lie on the surface, rest on water, hover, suspend, levitate

Collocations: be able to float; seem to float; float downstream; float around; float across the river; float away

Examples of Simple Sentences:
You can see pieces of wood floating in the water.
Some chunks of ice are floating down the river.
A few leaves floated on the surface of the water.
A small boat floats near the shore.

Definition

(v) to design and/or create something that has never been made before

Parts of speech:  

verb: invent/invents, inventing, invented
noun: invention, inventions; inventor, inventors
adjective: inventive


Synonyms: create, design, produce, make, develop, discover, formulate, generate, conceive, devise, imagine

Collocations: virtually invent; newly invented; invent product; technological invention; design invention; patent invention; highly inventive

Examples of Simple Sentences:
They invented a new product.
She came up with an invention.
Now they are marketing their invention.

Definition

(n) the main body of a ship or other vessel, including the bottom, sides, and deck but not the masts, superstructure, rigging, engines, and other fittings

Parts of speech:  

noun: hull, hulls


Synonyms: body, frame, framework, skeleton, shell, case, structure

Collocations: basic hull; steel hull; wooden hull; metal hull; pressure hull; outer hull; damaged hull; unaffected hull; resistant hull

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Traditional recreational sailboats have displacement hulls.
The starboard side of the hull has sustained minor damage.

Definition

 (n) a short pole with a broad blade at one or both ends, used without an oarlock to move a small boat or canoe through the water

Parts of speech:  

noun: paddle, paddles
verb: paddle/paddles, paddling, paddled


Synonyms: cruise, drift, move boat with paddle, pull, row, navigate

Collocations: short paddle; wooden paddle; use paddle; plan to paddle; paddle boat

Examples of Simple Sentences:
A paddle is a tool used for pushing against liquids.
He paddled the canoe slowly.

Definition

(v) to exert force on someone or something so as to cause movement towards oneself

Parts of speech:  

verb: pull/pulls, pulling, pulled
noun: pull, pulls


Synonyms: drag, haul, tow, trail, tug, draw, heave, lug, yank

Collocations: try to pull; manage to pull; gravitational pull; sharp pull; pull off; pull out

Examples of Simple Sentences:
They took the rope and pulled it hard.
He was pulling the raft along.
They pulled off half of the cargo.

Definition

(n) a long, narrow flat-bottomed boat, square at both ends and propelled with a long pole, used on inland waters chiefly for recreation

Parts of speech:  

noun: punt, punts; punter
verb: punt/punts, punting, punted


Synonyms: pole, push, kayak, oar, paddle

Collocations: wood punt; narrow punt; square punt; punt pole; try to punt; learn to punt

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Punting is boating in a punt.
They often punt along the river.

Definition

(n) (of something soft or elastic) be made or be capable of being made longer or wider without tearing or breaking

Parts of speech:  

noun: stretch, stretches; stretcher, stretchers
verb: stretch/stretches, stretching, stretched


Synonyms: be elastic, elongate, expand, extend, pull, spread, unfold, grow, swell

Collocations: seem to stretch; tightly stretched; stretch over; stretch across; stretch up; stretch down; stretch from; stretch for; coastal stretch; stretch endlessly

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Try to be sure the rope is stretched tight.
Stretch the fabric tightly over the frame.
The shore seemed to stretch on endlessly.
The department is stretched to its limit.

Definition

(v) go from one place to another, typically over a distance of some length

Parts of speech:  

verb: travel/travels, travelling, travelled
noun: travel; traveller, travellers
adjective: travelled; travelling


Synonyms: go, proceed, progress, take a trip, tour, voyage, wander, explore, traverse, journey, trek

Collocations: be able to travel; plan to travel; travel regularly; travel together; travel overseas; business traveller; international traveller; independent traveller; foreign traveller

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Travel is the movement of people between distant geographical locations.
They travel back and forth across the Mediterranean.
We plan to travel through Europe.
He is an independent traveller.

Definition

(n) a colourless, transparent, odourless liquid that forms the seas, lakes, rivers, and rain and is the basis of the fluids of living organisms

Parts of speech:  

noun: water, waters
verb: water/waters, watering, watered


Synonyms: irrigate, put water in, soak, sprinkle, get wet, cry, salivate, dilute, saturate, drench, sea, ocean, lake, pond, pool, river, dampen, moisten

Collocations: cold water; clear water; contaminated water; polluted water; salt water; drinking water; mineral water; irrigation water; water temperature; water pressure; deep waters; swallow waters; safe waters; open waters; rising waters; ballast water; uncharted waters; coastal waters; territorial waters; navigable waters; international waters

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The ship sails on territorial waters.
International waters include oceans, seas, and even lakes.
We need to understand the right of passage through international waters.
They turned the water off for a few hours to do some work on the pipes.
They watered the garden together.

Definition

(v) take into one's possession or control by force or an act or instance of capturing such as: an act of catching, winning, or gaining control by force

Parts of speech:  

verb: capture/captures, capturing, captured
noun: capture, captures; captor, captors


Synonyms: catch, occupy, arrest, take, seize, take prisoner, guard, custodian, conquer, snatch

Collocations: try to capture; manage to capture; plan to capture; fail to capture; avoid capture; escape capture

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Alexander the Great captured a huge number of Greek ships.
The pirate was captured by force.
A few ships were captured last week in that zone.
They returned one of the captured ships.

Definition

(v) bring together or into contact so that a real or notional link is established

Parts of speech:  

verb: connect/connects, connecting, connected
noun: connection, connections; connective; connectivity
adjective: connected; connective


Synonyms: join, link, attach, combine, relate, associate, unite, bridge

Collocations: connect remotely; connect directly; direct connection; clear connection; find connection; discover connection; establish connection; explore connection; break connection; good connection; between connections; closely connected

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Their trading network connected the Middle East with the Mediterranean.
He connected the machine to the power supply.
That corridor connects this office directly with the main building.
They try to discover a connection between them.
Our maritime connections have deep cultural and economic roots.

Definition

(v) have or exert a very strong influence or control on people, events or things

Parts of speech:  

verb: dominate/dominates, dominating, dominated
noun: dominance; domination; dominant
adjective: dominant


Synonyms: control, rule, overrule, master, govern, prevail over, monopolize

Collocations: be able to dominate; plan to dominate; totally dominate; largely dominate; global dominance; territorial dominance; economic domination; cultural domination; maintain domination

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The Romans’ domination of their empire was based on their military power.
He ruled an empire that dominated the world.
The company soon established market dominance.
They thoroughly dominated the board meeting.
They still remembered how they had dominated the competition.

Definition

(v) come or go after something or somebody in time or order; take someone as a guide; act in accordance with

Parts of speech:  

verb: follow/follows, following, followed
noun: follower; following
adjective: following
preposition: following


Synonyms: come after, accompany, come with, go with, go after, pursue, chase, obey, observe, trail, track, support, adopt, adhere to, act in accordance with

Collocations: be able to follow; intend to follow; follow directions; followed slowly; always followed; enthusiastic follower; dedicated follower; closely follow

Examples of Simple Sentences:
He was seen as an example and was followed by all of us.
Some companies are more likely to follow the rules.
Lots of students follow career paths without a passion for the industry.
Are all his enthusiastic followers a real advantage for him?

Definition

(n) a type of ship that is propelled mainly by rowing

Parts of speech:  

noun: galley, galleys


Synonyms: rowboat, galleon, dinghy, tender, trireme, bireme, galipot, galleass

Collocations: galley slaves; galley rowers; galley fire

Examples of Simple Sentences:
What type of ship is the galley?
The galley was invented by the Phoenicians.
How is a galley propelled?
How important were galleys at that time?
Nowadays, the kitchen area of a ship is called galley.

Definition

(v) have, take or keep something or somebody in your possession or keep possession of (something), typically in the face of a challenge or attack; a space or a compartment in a ship for storing cargo

Parts of speech:  

verb: hold/holds, holding, held
noun: hold, holds; holder, holders


Synonyms: have, keep, carry, grasp, support, take, embrace, grab, seize, remain, stay

Collocations: carefully hold; securely hold; strongly hold; publicly hold; take hold of; lost hold; maintain hold; hold a license; hold a visa; policy hold; grab hold; hold capacity

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The largest Roman trading ships could hold 400 tons of cargo.
Their goods are held in containers of varying sizes.
A normal 40-foot container can hold around 30 tons of goods.
Today, the largest cargo ship in the world can hold around 24,000 containers.
We need to know the number of holds in this ship.
It is obvious they firmly hold their beliefs.

Definition

(n) a system of intersecting lines, groups or parts or a group or system of interconnected people or things

Parts of speech:  

noun: network, networks


Synonyms: chain, organization, structure, system, web, arrangement, system of connections, grid, nexus

Collocations: commercial network; corporate network; complex network; elaborate network; informal network; global network; national network; distribution network; trading network; transportation network; broadcast network; digital network; integrated network

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Their extensive trading network connected India with China.
This trading network enables us to support our trading partners.
We should carefully think about the advantages and disadvantages of this expanded trade network.
We are part of this professional network.

Definition

(adv) available or situated on a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle

Parts of speech:  

adverb: on board


Synonyms: aboard, boarded

Collocations: be on board; come on board

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Alexander the Great used catapults on board his warships.
They came on board.
The crew is already on board.

Definition

(v) stretch out in a specified direction in order to touch or grasp something; go or arrive at a place or thing; achieve an aim; extent or range of a thing or effect

Parts of speech:  

verb: reach/ reaches, reaching, reached
noun: reach, reaches
adjective: reachable


Synonyms: come to, move to, arrive at, get to, touch, extend to, contact, get in touch with, establish contact with, go as far as, spread, attain

Collocations: wide reach; global reach; out of reach; try to reach; be expected to reach; be able to reach; be unable to reach; fail to reach; beyond reach

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The Romans reached Britain in 55 BC.
They could reach the coast easily.
In his adventures he tries to explore the outermost reaches.
The company has a wide reach.
The hook was just beyond her reach.

Definition

(n) a piece of material extended on a mast to catch the wind and propel a boat or ship or other vessel, or a wind-catching apparatus, typically one consisting of canvas or a set of boards, attached to; (v) navigate

Parts of speech:  

noun: sail, sails; sailor, sailors
verb: sail/sails, sailing, sailed


Synonyms: go by sea, go by water, set sail, put to sea, embark, voyage, cruise, ride the waves; cast anchor, weigh anchor, leave port, pilot, steer, navigate

Collocations: learn to sail; know to sail; sail across; sail around the world; go sailing; sailing school; sailing club; experienced sailor; inexperienced sailor; sail smoothly

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Egyptians invented the sail.
They sailed across the Mediterranean and up the coast of Western and Northern Europe.
We set sail for Portugal at first light.
She advanced towards us like a galleon in full sail.
They plan to sail around the world.

Definition

(adj) ready or likely to attack or confront; characterized by or resulting from aggression or pursuing one's aims and interests forcefully, sometimes unduly so

Parts of speech:  

adjective: aggressive
noun: aggressor, aggressors; aggression; aggressiveness
adverb: aggressively


Synonyms: offensive, destructive, hostile, unkind, unfriendly, hostility, antagonism, antipathy, belligerence, attack, assault, belligerent, antagonistic, truculent, forceful, competitive, insistent, vigorous, energetic

Collocations: be aggressive; become aggressive; highly aggressive; particularly aggressive; open aggression; verbal aggression; external aggression; foreign aggression; exhibit aggression; show aggression

Examples of Simple Sentences:
We think of the Vikings as very aggressive and warlike.
His verbal aggression is unacceptable.
This was direct aggression against our company.
His behaviour became highly aggressive.

Definition

(v) take aggressive action against (a place or enemy forces) with weapons or armed force, typically in a battle or war; an aggressive and violent action against a person or place

Parts of speech:  

verb: attack/attacks, attacking, attacked
noun: attack, attacks; attacker, attackers


Synonyms: assault, assail, invade, occupy, raid, criticize, abuse, condemn, put down, charge, strike, onslaught, offensive

Collocations: be attacked; plan to attack; aim to attack; provoke an attack; violently attacked; repeatedly attacked; directly attacked; unprovoked attack; serious attack

Examples of Simple Sentences:
They began to attack and dominate existing populations.
The Vikings attacked the people there and took their gold and resources.
They came under sustained attack from the sea.
He was the subject of a violent attack.
We could prevent a brutal attack.

Definition

(v) take and use (something that belongs to someone else) with the intention of returning it

Parts of speech:  

verb: borrow/borrows, borrowing, borrowed
noun: borrower, borrowers; borrowing


Synonyms: use, take and return, use temporarily, loan, take

Collocations: borrow money from; borrow book; borrow technology; borrow ideas; borrow things; borrow time; borrow heavily; repay borrowings

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The Vikings borrowed technologies from the Romans.
He borrowed heavily to set up his company.
This book can be borrowed from the library.
She borrowed a copy of the book.

Definition

(v) make (someone or something) different; alter or modify

Parts of speech:  

verb: change/changes, changing, changed
noun: change, changes
adjective: changeable; changeless


Synonyms: difference, development, modification, mutation, transformation, innovation, revolution, revision, shift, variation, transition

Collocations: cause change; make change; experience change; observe change; explain change; understand change; change significantly; change considerably; change rapidly; change course; rapid change; major change; global change; price change

Examples of Simple Sentences:
It can be difficult to change how we see history.
The shipping industry experienced a rapid change in the last year.
There was a subtle change in the weather.
She is changing all the time.
They changed the conditions.

Definition

(v) support and move (someone or something) from one place to another or transporting goods from one place to another

Parts of speech:  

verb: carry/carries, carrying, carried
noun: carrier, carriers; carriage, carriages


Synonyms: move, take, transfer, transport, bring, transmit, convey, bear, fetch, cart, lug, hump, schlep

Collocations: be able to carry; plan to carry; designed to carry; carry cargo; carry things; carry provisions

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The longboats could carry 20-100 Vikings.
That ship was used to carry provisions.
We tried to carry the boat safely into the port.
This ship is designed to carry passengers across the river.

Definition

(v) clearly show the existence or truth of (something) by giving proof or evidence

Parts of speech:  

verb: demonstrate/demonstrates, demonstrating, demonstrated
noun: demonstration, demonstrations; demonstrativeness; demonstrator, demonstrators
adjective: demonstrative
adverb: demonstratively


Synonyms: indicate, prove, express, expose, manifest, describe, explain, illustrate, teach, reveal, signify, signal, denote, display, exhibit, rally, lobby, support, show, object

Collocations: be able to demonstrate; plan to demonstrate; demonstrates in support of; successfully demonstrate; clearly demonstrate; demonstrate against; major demonstration; public demonstration; organize demonstration; during demonstration

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The Vikings demonstrated that they were fierce warriors and brilliant sailors.
Our study demonstrates beyond doubt that this is the best solution.
He effectively demonstrates his theory.
This was the biggest demonstration I was involved in.

Definition

(v) grow or cause to grow and become more mature, advanced, or elaborate; start to exist, experience, or possess

Parts of speech:  

verb: develop/develops, developing, developed
noun: developer, developers; development
adjective: developed; developing


Synonyms: evolve, grow, flourish, set up, set in, promote, generate, cultivate, extend, expand, form, establish

Collocations: able to develop; plan to develop; newly developed; economically developed; well developed; recently developed; major developer; sustainable development; historical development; professional development; development strategy; during development

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Their ship design developed through the second half of the first millennium AD.
They developed a new type of boat called a knarr.
They followed their development strategy step by step.
They plan to develop the first autonomous cargo ship.

Definition

(n) a movement or series of moves requiring skill and care

Parts of speech:  

noun: manoeuvre, manoeuvres; manoeuvrability
verb: manoeuvre/manoeuvres, manoeuvring, manoeuvred
adjective: manoeuvrable


Synonyms: guide, navigate, pilot, steer, manipulate, move, execute, act, drive, handle, manage, engineer, set up, arrange, direct, plan, operation, exercise, work

Collocations: manoeuvre ship; manoeuvre carefully; manoeuvre easily; manoeuvre skilfully; difficult to manoeuvre; easy to manoeuvre

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Early Viking ships were very manoeuvrable.
The captain has very little room for manoeuvring the ship.
We manoeuvred the ship into the right position.
I am sure we can manoeuvre the boat easily.

Definition

(v) open out (something) so as to extend its surface area, width, or length or extend over a large or increasing area

Parts of speech:  

verb: spread/spreads, spreading, spread
noun: spread


Synonyms: advance, circulate, expand, increase, grow, develop, transmit, extend, reach, broaden, escalate, multiply

Collocations: spread across; spread over; news spread far beyond; spread far and wide; spread support; spread report; spread terror; spread knowledge; spread influence; spread glory

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The Vikings spread out and found new lands to settle on.
This survey will have a wider geographical spread.
As usual, the rumour spread far and wide.
The fire rapidly spread throughout the ship.
The lecture spread over an hour.

Definition

(v) plan and direct the route or course of a ship, aircraft, or other form of transportation, especially by using instruments or maps; sail or travel over (a stretch of water or terrain), especially carefully or with difficulty

Parts of speech:  

verb: navigate/navigates, navigating, navigated
noun: navigation; navigability; navigator, navigators
adjective: navigable


Synonyms: cross, cruise, guide, manoeuvre, pilot, sail, steer, helm, voyage, traverse

Collocations: be able to navigate; can navigate; learn to navigate; marine navigation; freedom of navigation; navigation channel; navigation menu; navigation through

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Viking navigation was done using simple equipment.
They navigated by the stars.
She navigated across the sea.
They can safely navigate.
This is a very sophisticated global satellite navigation system.

Definition

(v) construct (something) by putting parts or material together

Parts of speech:  

verb: build/builds, building, built
noun: build, builds; builder, builders; building, buildings


Synonyms: construct, make, create, assemble, erect, put up, set up, raise, fabricate, form, forge

Collocations: be able to build; can build; plan to build; reputable builder; building terminal; administrative building; main building; building activity; building company

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The Hanseatic League built lighthouses at the most dangerous points.
Their ships were built in 1965.
They plan to build a new framework for transport regulation.
The main building is right there in front of you.

Definition

(n) the power to influence or direct people's behaviour or the course of events

Parts of speech:  

noun: control, controls; controller
verb: control/controls, controlling, controlled
adjective: controllable


Synonyms: rule, lead, have power over, command, dominate, govern, administer, manage, jurisdiction, sway, power, authority, steer

Collocations: establish control; improve control; remove control; be able to control; can control; plan to control; full control; political control; out of control; traffic control; carefully controlled; properly controlled; manually controlled; automatically controlled

Examples of Simple Sentences:
At that time, merchants came to control local political systems.
They took effective control of transport operations.
What happened was beyond our control.
They plan to control the ship’s documents.

Definition

(n) merchandise or possessions

Parts of speech:  

noun: (pl) goods


Synonyms: merchandise, things, property, equipment, products, articles, possessions, effects, stock, commodities

Collocations: durable goods; manufactured goods; low-priced goods; cheap goods; canned goods; stolen goods; produce goods; manufacture goods; buy goods; trade goods; sell goods; purchase goods; export goods; import goods; provide goods; supply goods

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Most of the merchants were protected if their goods were stolen whilst in their care.
These manufactured goods and raw materials are imported.
The cost of the perishable goods was negotiated between the seller and the buyer.
This container is full of fake goods.
We provide a large variety of goods to this region.

Definition

(adj) connected with the sea, especially in relation to seafaring commercial or military activity or living or found in or near the sea

Parts of speech:  

adjective: maritime


Synonyms: marine, nautical, naval, sea, oceanic, seaside, coastal, seagoing, seafaring

Collocations: maritime museum; maritime adventure; maritime affairs; maritime policy; maritime countries; maritime power; maritime communications; maritime custom; maritime commerce; maritime trade

Examples of Simple Sentences:
They aim to provide a broad picture of the commercial maritime industry.
The course introduces students to maritime affairs.
Many organisations are involved in discussing a new maritime policy.
Where can we find the biggest maritime museums?

Definition

(v) make arrangements or preparations for (an event or activity); coordinate or arrange into a structured whole; order

Parts of speech:  

verb: organise/organises, organising, organised
noun: organisation, organisations
adjective: organised; organisational


Synonyms: coordinate, plan, assemble, arrange, develop, form, shape, establish, bring together, put in order, systematize, integrate, sort, classify, codify

Collocations: carefully organised; effectively organised; properly organised; well organised; centrally organised; formally organised; manage to organise; fail to organise; difficult to organise; organise voyage; large organisation; national organisation; professional organisation

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The Hanseatic League’s cities were mostly organised by merchants.
They organised the transport according to the port regulations.
It is very difficult to organise such an event.
We should understand better the role of the international organisations.

Definition

(v) load with too great a burden or cargo; (n) an excessive load or amount

Parts of speech:  

verb: overload/overloads, overloading, overloaded
noun: overload, overloads


Synonyms: overburden, overwhelm, overcharge, too much, excess, encumber, overabundance, surfeit

Collocations: be overloaded; intend to overload; overload with; heavily overloaded

Examples of Simple Sentences:
There were no load line standards, so overloaded vessels often sank.
The ship involved in this case was heavily overloaded.
Both our boats were overloaded and low in the water.
What do you think can happen when a ship is overloaded?

Definition

(v) keep safe from harm or injury

Parts of speech:  

verb: protect/protects, protecting, protected
noun: protection, protections; protector, protectors
adjective: protective
adverb: protectively


Synonyms: secure, defend, support, look after, take care of, hold, reinforce, guard, save, safeguard, shield, preserve, shelter, fortify, watch over

Collocations: can protect; try to protect; strive to protect; take steps to protect; designed to protect; fully protected; completely protected; effectively protected; legally protected; complete protection; legal protection; environmental protection

Examples of Simple Sentences:
They went to war to protect their trade routes.
It is an illusion the global markets are fully protected.
All these rules aim to protect the cargo.
These measures protect the whole chain of transport.

Definition

(v) control or maintain the rate or speed of (a machine or process) so that it operates properly

Parts of speech:  

verb: regulate/regulates, regulating, regulated
noun: regulation, regulations; regulator, regulators


Synonyms: control, guide, manage, rule, direct, handle, organize, govern, administer, supervise, systematize, oversee, coordinate, conduct, adjust, balance, standardize

Collocations: designed to regulate; intend to regulate; strictly regulated; properly regulated; regulated by law; regulated by statute; strict regulation; official regulation; state regulation; legal regulation; observe regulations; comply with regulations; breach regulation

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The government made many attempts to regulate this issue.
The League tried to reduce the risks to merchants through law and regulation.
Our agreement was concluded in accordance with the current regulations.
They plan to regulate more specific activities.

Definition

(v) the action of buying and selling goods and services

Parts of speech:  

verb: trade/trades, trading, traded
noun: trade, trades; trader, traders; trading


Synonyms: buy and sell, exchange, do business, deal, barter, bargain, transact, contract, market

Collocations: aim to trade; plan to trade; internationally traded; widely traded; profitably traded; actively traded; profitable trade; professional trade; international trade; free trade; local trade; grain trade; oil trade; trading partner; global trading

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The Hanseatic League was an alliance of trading cities in the Baltic Region.
The Hanseatic League mainly traded in timber, furs, honey, wheat, and salted fish.
They trade under the name of Maru.
They continued to trade for more than 50 years.

Definition

(n) the destruction of a ship at sea by sinking or breaking up, e.g., in a storm or after running aground

Parts of speech:  

noun: shipwreck, shipwrecks
adjective: shipwrecked


Synonyms: disappear, sink, wreck, submerge, go down, crash, debris, destruction, devastation, hulk, mess, ruin, wreckage, capsize

Collocations: be shipwrecked; escape shipwreck; shipwreck vessel; shipwrecked people

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Their ships stayed close to the coasts and became shipwrecked on rocks.
These islands have a history of shipwrecks and smuggling.
The ship was stranded because of shipwreck.
The contents of the shipwreck belong to the insurer.

Definition

(v) give (someone) permission to do something

Parts of speech:  

verb: allow/allows, allowing, allowed
adjective: allowable


Synonyms: acknowledge, admit, accept, permit, approve, authorize, consent to, enable, endure, license, tolerate, take into consideration

Collocations: can allow; plan to allow; intend to allow; allow time; allow access; allow entrance; fully allowed; partly allowed

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The Venetian trade agreements with the Franks and Byzantines allowed Venice to become extremely wealthy.
This office does not allow smoking inside.
You are not allowed to transport this type of cargo.
They are not allowed to travel without a visa.

Definition

(v) strive to gain or win something by defeating or establishing superiority over others who are trying to do the same

Parts of speech:  

verb: compete/competes, competing, competed
noun: competitor, competitors; competition, competitions; competence, competences
adjective: competitive


Synonyms: challenge, contend, contest, fight, participate, take part, play, struggle, strive, try

Collocations: be able to compete; can compete; plan to compete; compete globally; compete internationally; compete aggressively; compete against; compete for; compete with; have competition; win competition; fair competition; global competition; international competition

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Venice competed with Genoa over the Mediterranean Sea trade.
We need a strategy to compete effectively in this sailing race.
We are already prepared to compete.
This is an international competition.

Definition

(v) make a thing similar or identical to another

Parts of speech:  

verb: copy/copies, copying, copied
noun: copy, copies


Synonyms: duplicate, imitate, reproduce, photocopy, repeat, replicate, plagiarize, counterfeit, follow, simulate, mirror, transcribe

Collocations: make a copy; prepare a copy; send a copy; sign a copy; circulate a copy; advance copy; free copy; illegal copy; unauthorized copy; backup copy; extra copy

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The Venetians copied the compass from Arab traders.
She has the permission to distribute a copy of the book to all registered students.
He copied the article without the author’s consent.
The assistant provided us with extra copies of the contract.

Definition

(v) give an account in words of (someone or something), including all the relevant characteristics, qualities, or events

Parts of speech:  

verb: describe/describes, describing, described
noun: description, descriptions; descriptiveness
adjective: descriptive
adverb: descriptively


Synonyms: explain, characterize, define, depict, detail, interpret, illustrate, portray, relate, report, outline, specify, tell

Collocations: be able to describe; can describe; plan to describe; fully described; describe in detail; complete description; detailed description; clear description; brief description; general description; formal description; give description

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The book describes Marco Polo’s journey.
It is difficult for us to describe the sailor’s experience.
Each student is asked to give an imaginary description of a sea voyage.
You do not have to provide details, give a general description instead.

Definition

(v) occupy, attract, or involve (someone's interest or attention)

Parts of speech:  

verb: engage/engages, engaging, engaged
noun: engagement, engagements
adjective: engaged; engaging
adverb: engagingly


Synonyms: employ, hire, take on, appoint, retain, enlist, commission, occupy, involve, take part in, participate in, become involved in, join in, captivate, capture, use

Collocations: plan to engage; try to engage; attempt to engage; refuse to engage; intend to engage; directly engaged; successfully engaged; important engagement; business engagement; official engagement; constructive engagement; serious engagement

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The captain engages directly with each member of the crew.
All students are passionate about maritime history and directly engaged in the department’s activities.
This was a very long and serious engagement.
It is clear they avoid public engagements.

Definition

(v) cause (a person or animal) to go with one by holding them by the hand, a halter, a rope, etc. while moving forward; to command others or a situation

Parts of speech:  

verb: lead/leads, leading, led
noun: leader, leaders; lead; leadership
adjective: leaderless; leading


Synonyms: be in front, head, guide, conduct, steer, command, rule, connect to, control, supervise, direct, manage, influence, show

Collocations: be able to lead; can lead; allow to lead; lead up; lead back; inspiring leader; influential leader; business leader; industry leader; global leader; market leader; effective leadership; educational leadership; executive leadership; provide leadership

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Venice was leading the way to a lucrative trade network.
Our company is a global leader in the maritime industry.
She has led the management team of our company.
The next theme is ‘global educational leadership in the maritime industry’.

Definition

(v) to have life, as an organism; be alive; be capable of vital functions: all things that live; reside

Parts of speech:  

verb: live/lives, living, lived
noun: living
adjective: live; liveable; living


Synonyms: exist, persist, be alive, have life, breathe, continue, inhabit a dwelling, survive, get along, flourish, prosper, remain alive

Collocations: can live; plan to live; learn to live; live independently; live alone; live together; live permanently; live abroad; a place to live; live among; live comfortably; live peacefully

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Niccolo Polo lived with his brother Matteo for a long time.
She lives abroad now.
They found a great place to live near the sea.
It is not easy to live alone.

Definition

(v) (1) allowing access to new ideas; (2) allowing access, passage, or a view through an empty space; (3) not closed or blocked up; (4) to begin.

Parts of speech:  

verb: open/opens, opening, opened
noun: opener, openers; opening, openings; openness
adjective: opening
adverb: openly


Synonyms: begin, start, commence, clear, receptive, amenable, exposed, unrestricted, public, free, ajar, unlocked

Collocations: remain open; try to open; can open; open way; open book; open negotiations; open mind; open passage; open view; open passage; open market

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The Venetians stories of the East helped open Europe’s eyes to Asia.
The file’s case lay open in front of him.
All our colleagues were open to his new ideas.
He tried to open the door of his cabin.
They opened a new round of negotiations.

Definition

(v) begin or be reckoned from a particular point in time or space

Parts of speech:  

verb: start/starts, starting, started
noun: start, starts


Synonyms: begin, commence, issue, appear, establish, launch, create, introduce, pioneer, initiate, inaugurate, set up, activate, proceed, take the first step, make a beginning, open

Collocations: can start; decide to start; intend to start; plan to start; expect to start; ready to start; immediately started; just started; already started; start from scratch; a good start; a great start

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The Venetians started to trade across the Mediterranean.
After many delays, she finally is ready to start her voyage.
You should be ready to start the job as soon as possible.
My advice is to start from the beginning.

Definition

(v) dare to do something or go somewhere that may be dangerous or unpleasant

Parts of speech:  

verb: venture/ventures, venturing, ventured
noun: venture, ventures
adjective: venturesome


Synonyms: travel, go, journey, wander, dare, presume, suggest, present, plunge into, take a chance, put forward, offer, risk

Collocations: can venture; plan to venture; dare to venture; decide to venture; establish a venture; a risky venture; a profitable venture; an ambitious venture; a commercial venture

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The captain ventured cautiously into the port.
They venture out to sea though the weather is bad.
They met to establish all the sea venture’s details.
He didn’t think it would be such a risky venture.

Definition

(v) taking advantage or profit gained from something

Parts of speech:  

verb: benefit/benefits, benefiting, benefited
noun: benefit, benefits; beneficiary; beneficence
adjective: beneficial; beneficent


Synonyms: gain from, profit from, advantage, assist, do good to, help, contribute to, improve, promote, favour, serve

Collocations: aim to benefit; can benefit; give benefits; receive benefits; benefits package; entitle to benefit; benefited directly from; benefited economically; major benefit; apparent benefit; potential benefit; educational benefit; tax benefits

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The world benefited in many ways from early exploratory expeditions.
Our company really benefited as a member of this professional association.
Most of the students are eligible for the benefits offered.
Online courses are a great educational benefit for this generation.

Definition

(v) persist in an activity or process

Parts of speech:  

verb: continue/continues, continuing, continued
noun: continuation; continuity
adjective: continuous
adverb: continuously


Synonyms: advance, carry on, go on, keep on, keep up, keep at, persevere, pursue, extend, progress, promote, sustain

Collocations: be able to continue; can continue; plan to continue; continue to provide; continue to offer; logical continuation; direct continuation; ensure continuation; establish continuity; provide continuity; historical continuity; cultural continuity; remarkable continuity

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The Portuguese expeditions continued under King Alfonso V and his son John II.
The positive trend will continue next year.
A sense of continuity is always present among us.
They continue to offer new programs.

Definition

(v) find (something or someone) unexpectedly or in the course of a search

Parts of speech:  

verb: discover/discovers, discovering, discovered
noun: discovery, discoveries; discoverer, discoverers


Synonyms: find, find out, learn, determine, notice, realize, invent, pioneer, explore, disclose, recognize, discern, ascertain, come across, come upon, bring to light, observe, unearth, uncover

Collocations: amazed to discover; surprised to discover; be fascinated to discover; aim to discover; first discovered; suddenly discovered; accidentally discovered; finally discovered; fascinating discovery; scientific discovery; archaeological discovery; personal discovery

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Who discovered the Americas?
She was fascinated to discover such an interesting novel.
The sea expedition is ‘a voyage of discovery’ for each student.
He was shocked to discover his family roots.

Definition

(v) give work to (someone) and pay them for it; to use or spend time doing something

Parts of speech:  

verb: employ/employs, employing, employed
noun: employee, employees; employer, employers; employment; employ
adjective: employable


Synonyms: hire, recruit, appoint, apply, enlist, fill, engage, register, occupy, involve, commission, enrol, have on the payroll; use, utilize

Collocations: intend to employ; can employ; currently employed; permanently employed; temporarily employed; full-time employee; part-time employee; junior employee; senior employee; prospective employee; skilled employee; employment contract; employment conditions

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Henry the Navigator employed the most skilled sailors from all around Europe.
We have 22 seafarers employed on this ship.
She is fully employed and still tries to improve her career prospects.
Many maritime companies offer regular employment opportunities.

Definition

(v) experience unexpectedly or be faced with (something difficult or hostile)

Parts of speech:  

verb: encounter/encounters, encountering, encountered
noun: encounter, encounters


Synonyms: face, meet, confront, experience, go through, suffer, run into, run across, come across, fight, attack, sustain, endure, turn up, undergo

Collocations: encounter problems; encounter delay; regularly encounter; never encounter; often encountered; unexpected encounter; recent encounter; final encounter; encountered by students; encountered in the port

Examples of Simple Sentences:
There were legends of sea monsters and sailors who were terrified of encountering them.
A foreign student often encounters many cultural difficulties.
The buyer has encountered some issues.
They had an initial encounter in the office.
They survived the initial encounter with the port authorities.

Definition

(v) travel in or through (an unfamiliar country or area) in order to learn about or familiarize oneself with it

Parts of speech:  

verb: explore/explores, exploring, explored
noun: explorer, explorers; exploration, explorations
adjective: exploratory


Synonyms: tour, survey, look into, scrutinize, search, seek

Collocations: plan to explore; try to explore; want to explore; continue to explore; explore at sea; great explorers; offshore oil exploration; future explorations; deep-sea exploration; exploratory expedition; explore ideas; explore options

Examples of Simple Sentences:
He wanted to explore the West African coastline.
It was a great opportunity to explore the island.
She wants to explore and learn more about maritime studies.
His dream is to explore the seas.

Definition

(v) freely transfer the possession of (something) to (someone); hand over to

Parts of speech:  

verb: give/gives, giving, gave, given
noun: giver; give
adjective: given
preposition: given


Synonyms: perform, execute, present, communicate, transmit, produce, cause, contribute, commit, deliver, offer, demonstrate, show, provide, display, issue, circulate, distribute, reveal, award, allow, donate, grant, turn over

Collocations: give presents; give description; give advice; give opinion; give idea; give example; give answer; give notice; give permission; give lecture; give call; give speech; give evidence

Examples of Simple Sentences:
You can give her an example.
He gave and received lots of information.
He was given permission to get on the ship.
She has given me a great piece of advice.

Definition

(v) employ (someone) for wages; pay for the use of something on a temporary basis

Parts of speech:  

verb: hire/hires, hiring, hired
noun: hire
adjective: hireable


Synonyms: employ, appoint, engage, lease, charter, obtain, retain, select, enlist, bring in, pick; rent

Collocations: be able to hire; can hire; plan to hire; afford to hire; hire people; hire a manager; hire an assistant; hire equipment; hire cost; hire company; hire ship; hire space; cost of hiring; payment for hiring

Examples of Simple Sentences:
King John hired Bartolomeu Dias for an ambitious expedition.
They cannot afford to hire more people now.
Our company is looking for new hires.
He was hired in London but relocated to Asia.

Definition

(v) direct or command someone to do something, especially as an official order

Parts of speech:  

verb: instruct/instructs, instructing, instructed
noun: instruction, instructions; instructor, instructors
adjective: instructive; instructional


Synonyms: teach, tell, direct, order, command, coach, guide, tutor, educate, drill, give lessons in, advise, charge, inform, counsel, brief, notify, mandate

Collocations: give instructions; read instructions; understand instructions; follow instructions; comply with instructions; detailed instruction; step-by-step instruction; verbal instruction; written instruction; technical instructions; instruction manual; instruction sheet

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The sailors were instructed to make detailed charts and maps on their journeys.
The crew was carefully instructed before starting the voyage.
They were instructed specifically for this job.
The lawyer acted in accordance with the instructions received.

Definition

(v) to arrive on the ground or other surface after moving down from air; to arrive at land from the sea; the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water, as opposed to the sea or the air.

Parts of speech:  

verb: lands, landing, landed
noun: land, lands; landing, landings


Synonyms: go ashore, come ashore, debark, disembark, arrive, end a journey, reach land, berth, dock, moor, anchor, settle

Collocations: can land; managed to land; schedule to land; forced to land; be able to land; emergency landing; hard landing; forced landing; safe landing

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Bartolomeu Dias landed in today’s Mossel’s Bay in February 1488.
They reached land after a long voyage.
Their boat landed safely.

Definition

(v) successfully bring about or reach (a desired objective, level, or result) by effort, skill, or courage

Parts of speech:  

verb: achieve/achieves, achieving, achieved
noun: achievement
adjective: achievable


Synonyms: do, get, win, realize, obtain, complete, accomplish, gain, perform, conclude, acquire, earn, enact, manage, produce, reach, settle, bring about

Collocations: can achieve; designed to achieve; try to achieve; achieve speed; achieve mastery; achieve unity; great achievement; important achievement; personal achievement; economic achievement; educational achievement; intellectual achievement

Examples of Simple Sentences:
These students can achieve great things.
You need to work hard to achieve your goals.
They have achieved a new alliance.
It is very difficult to achieve such a remarkable success.
Read first, and then you’ll be able to appreciate the great achievements of the first explorers.

Definition

(v) accept (something) as true; feel sure of the truth of

Parts of speech:  

verb: believe/believes, believing, believed
noun: believer
adjective: believable
adverb: believable


Synonyms: think, accept, assume, consider, judge, suppose, estimate, gather, hold, trust, understand, credit, rely on, be convinced of, have faith in, place confidence in

Collocations: can believe; really believed; honestly believe; a true believer; a passionate believer; a strong believer in; believe facts; believe truth; believe statement; believe report

Examples of Simple Sentences:
In the 15th century many educated men believed the Earth was a sphere, not a flat surface.
No one seriously believed that that Columbus’s plan was possible.
They have reason to believe his story.
He they mistakenly believed land was in that direction.
It is hard to believe such news.

Definition

(v) be a member or part of (a particular group, organization, or class)

Parts of speech:  

verb: belong/belongs, belonging, belonged
noun: (pl) belongings


Synonyms: be part of, be owned by, be the property of, be a member of, be affiliated with, relate to, be connected with, go with, fit into, items, things

Collocations: can belong; plan to belong; belongs here; belong together; lost belongings

Examples of Simple Sentences:
It was stated all discoveries to the east would belong to Portugal.
Those things belong to the previous owner of the boat.
This town gives us a sense of belonging.
She collected his personal belongings in a hurry and was gone.
We need to know which department they belonged to.

Definition

(v) (of wind) move creating an air current

Parts of speech:  

verb: blow/blows, blowing, blew, blown
noun: blow, blows
adjective: blowy


Synonyms: move, carry, be carried, sweep, fling, buffet, hover, flutter, breathe

Collocations: be able to blow; blow water; blow dust; blow sand; blow rain; blow rain; blow ship

Examples of Simple Sentences:
He learned that the winds further north mostly blew westward.
We want to know which way the wind is blowing.
It is a gale blowing from the north.
Our ship was blown off course in a storm.

Definition

(v) to state ownership of, or to allege a fact 

Parts of speech:  

verb: claim/claims, claiming, claimed
noun: claim, claims; claimant


Synonyms: ask for, call for, demand, take, receive, assert, insist, allege, uphold, request, suit

Collocations: be able to claim; claim against; claim possession; claim control; claim prize; claim precedence; claim justice; claim right; claim protection; exaggerated claims; unfounded claims; accept claim; hear claim; verify claim; support claim

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Columbus claimed many Caribbean islands as Spanish territories.
He had made false claims.
He was entitled to claim compensations.
The company attempts to claim a free benefit.
There is a special department for verifying each claim.

Definition

(v) cause to change in form, character, or function

Parts of speech:  

verb: convert/converts, converting, converted
noun: conversion; converter; convertibility
adjective: convertible


Synonyms: change, adapt, switch, transform, turn, alter, transpose, modify, remodel, reorganize, restyle, reform, convince, translate

Collocations: be able to convert; can convert; convert people; convert population; undertake conversion; experience conversion; sustain conversion; convert mankind; conversion chart; energy conversion; data conversion; conversion from; conversion into

Examples of Simple Sentences:
They planned to convert all the native peoples to Christianity.
She converted that material into an ornament.
He will convert this digital book into a printed book.
I’m going to convert my weakness into strength.

Definition

(v) to deal in a discussion in order to reach an agreement or obtain or bring about by discussion

Parts of speech:  

verb: negotiate/negotiates, negotiating, negotiated
noun: negotiation; negotiator
adjective: negotiable


Synonyms: discuss, deal, bargain, debate, consult, mediate, arbitrate, conciliate, contract, agree, arrange, manage, transact, work out

Collocations: be able to negotiate, be prepared to negotiate, try to negotiate; negotiate treaty; negotiate peace; effectively negotiated; ongoing negotiation; lengthy negotiation; serious negotiation; complex negotiation; facilitate negotiation; conclude negotiation; skilled negotiator; professional negotiator; principal negotiator

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The treaty of Tordesillas was negotiated by Pope Alexander VI.
They negotiated on behalf of more than 100 countries.
He was not prepared to negotiate this sensitive issue.
Many international negotiators were involved in this business.

Definition

(v) come or go back to a place or person; profit on investment; a reply

Parts of speech:  

verb: return/returns, returning, returned
noun: return, returns
adjective: returnable


Synonyms: come back, go back, turn back, reappear, response, replace, transmit, send back, take back, give back, carry back, revert, come and go, come to, earn, make, net, yield, profit, interest, benefit, gain, income, report

Collocations: can return; expect to return; choose to return; decide to return; plan to return; announce return; anticipate return; facilitate return; announce return; rapid return; return to; return from; return on; return verdict

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Columbus returned to Spain to tell the royal court of his achievement.
My son returned very happy from his voyage.
I will return the file to my colleagues.
She’s still thinking how to return the favour.

Definition

(v) put one’s name on a document that legally binds; to place a mark on or write something; an indication or signal

Parts of speech:  

verb: sign/signs, signing, signed
noun: sign, signs


Synonyms: write name, autograph, subscribe, type, proof, inscribe, initial, indicate, signal, wave, gesticulate, gesture

Collocations: can sign; plan to sign; required to sign; want to sign; agree to sign; refuse to sign; sign contract; sign agreement; sign document; sign act; sign report; sign for

Examples of Simple Sentences:
After they signed the treaty, Portugal tried to find an eastern route to India.
Both, the seller and the buyer must sign the contract.
This document needs to be signed by your captain.
I’m not able to find your signature.
The company signed a statement.

Definition

(v) express something definitely or clearly in speech or writing

Parts of speech:  

verb: state/states, stating, stated
noun: statement; stateliness
adjective: stately, statelier, stateliest


Synonyms: say, declare, report, express, voice, affirm, assert, enumerate, specify, present, explain, speak, describe, expound, set forth

Collocations: stated specifically; stated exactly; stated with certainty; as previously stated; as stated below; state principles; state question; state point; state loss; make a statement; release a statement; a brief statement; a detailed statement

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Part of the treaty stated the Spanish had to native population to Christianity.
She stated her own point of view confidently in front of the judge.
The company issued a short statement.
As stated above, these are the facts.
He simply states the position.

Definition

(v) go or extend across or to the other side of (a path, road, stretch of water, or area)

Parts of speech:  

verb: cross/crosses, crossing, crossed
noun: cross, crosses; crossness
adjective: cross, crosser, crossest; crossing
adverb: crossly


Synonyms: cruise, navigate, sail, traverse, go across, move across, travel across, pass over, span, bridge

Collocations: can cross; try to cross; plan to cross; cross sea; cross path; cross line; cross boundary; cross ocean; cross safely; cross slowly; cross over; cross back; complete crossing; cross from; cross to

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The oceans are crossed daily by thousands of cargo ships.
I had to cross the river to reach this town.
Crossing the Amazon River was the biggest challenge.
He said that he once safely crossed the ice across the Bering Strait.
Can you imagine? They crossed the deck above my head.

Definition

(v) cause (something) to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in

Parts of speech:  

verb: determine/determines, determining, determined
noun: determiner, determiners; determination
adjective: determined; determinative


Synonyms: decide, control, influence, rule, affect, shape, regulate, establish, learn, discover, find out, verify, ascertain, settle, decide on, choose, conclude, resolve, make up your mind

Collocations: try to determine; be able to determine; determine cause; determine direction; determine position; determine case; determine action; determine cause; directly determined; partly determined; mainly determined; clear determination

Examples of Simple Sentences:
King Manuel was determined to find a sea route to India from Europe.
She demonstrated great determination in her studies.
We need to know the conditions that determined this action.
We will soon learn how to determine longitude and latitude.

Definition

(v) set up (an organization, system, or set of rules) on a firm or permanent basis

Parts of speech:  

verb: establish/establishes, establishing, established
noun: establishment, establishments
adjective: established


Synonyms: start, set up, create, found, organize, institute, inaugurate, confirm, prove, demonstrate, show, ratify, certify, verify, authorize, authenticate, validate, settle, form, base

Collocations: try to establish; agree to establish; able to establish; establish fact; establish principle; establish trade; establish communication; an attempt to establish; newly established; fully established; become established; previously established

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Vasco da Gama tried to establish trade links with India.
This company was established a few years ago.
Their professional organisation was formally established in 1965.
It was a great effort to establish a new commercial shipping route.

Definition

(v) be unsuccessful in achieving one's goal

Parts of speech:  

verb: fail/fails, failing, failed
noun: fail; failing, failings; failure, failures


Synonyms: break down, go down, let down, fall, abandon, decline, miss, be defeated, give up, stop working, cease, disappoint, forsake, cut out, crash, close down, go bankrupt, become insolvent, give out, go wrong, collapse, deteriorate, not pass

Collocations: can fail; fail attempt; fail expectation; fail hopes; recognise failing; expose failing; identify failings; initial failure; economic failure; financial failure; fear of failure; risk of failure; serious failure

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Vasco da Gama failed to establish trade links with the local leader of Calicut.
Their recovery plan failed spectacularly.
They completely failed to achieve the results promised last year.
Our captain is very determined not to fail in his duty.

Definition

(v) receive (money, property, or a title) as an heir at the death of the previous holder

Parts of speech:  

verb: inherit/inherits, inheriting, inherited
noun: inheritor; inheritance


Synonyms: be left, receive, acquire, obtain, be willed, come into, succeed to, accede to, fall heir to

Collocations: can inherit; stand to inherit; inherit wealth; inherit possession; inherit title; inherit rights; inherit position; rightful inheritance; large inheritance; small inheritance; lose inheritance; cultural inheritance

Examples of Simple Sentences:
King Manuel 'the Fortunate' inherited the Portuguese throne in 1495.
She never inherited her father’s goods. Instead, she inherited his temper and a few good qualities.
He took over the company from his uncle after he claimed his inheritance.
They share a common inheritance.

Definition

(v) make (something) ready for use or consideration

Parts of speech:  

verb: prepare/prepares, preparing, prepared
noun: preparation; preparedness
adjective: preparatory


Synonyms: make ready, form, develop, arrange, put together, put in order, draw up, assemble, equip, fit, adjust, train, guide, coach, exercise, warm up, practice, direct, make, get ready, plan, anticipate, strengthen, supply

Collocations: be prepared; can prepare; prepare plan; prepare work; prepare report; prepare people; prepare measure; prepare equipment; prepare map; prepare answer; properly prepared; carefully prepared; commercially prepared; adequately prepared; inadequately prepared

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Vasco da Gama’s prepared his fleet and set sail out of Lisbon in July 1497.
Everything was prepared according to the course instructions.
The contract was meticulously prepared and is ready to be signed.
“Be prepared for any eventuality” was the last piece of advice I received from my father.
The crew is completely prepared for this voyage.

Definition

(v) keep (something) from happening or arising

Parts of speech:  

verb: prevent/prevents, preventing, prevented
noun: prevention
adjective: preventive; preventable


Synonyms: stop, block, avoid, obstruct, impede, counteract, restrain, inhibit, frustrate, limit, forbid, halt, prohibit, put an end to, bar, check, preclude, hamper, foil, restrict, rule out

Collocations: be able to prevent; be designed to prevent; aimed to prevent; action to prevent; prevent abuse; prevent fraud; prevent loss; prevent confusion; prevent action; prevent dispute; prevent spread; prevention efforts; prevention strategy

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The fresh food prevented the sailors from getting scurvy.
The new measures completely prevented the companies from trading in that region.
The captain prevented the collision at the last minute.
There are international regulations for preventing collisions at sea.

Definition

(v) demonstrate the truth or existence of (something) by evidence or argument

Parts of speech:  

verb: prove/proves, proving, proved
adjective: provable; proven
adverb: provably


Synonyms: establish, show, turn out, come out, verify, determine, demonstrate, attest, justify, ascertain, confirm, convince, validate, substantiate, test

Collocations: be able to prove; can prove; try to prove; prove source; prove existence; prove claim; prove safety; prove advantage; prove intention; prove force; prove accuracy; difficult to prove; impossible to prove; scientifically proven; fully proven

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Vasco da Gama had proven ability as a marine captain.
The captain was able to prove the facts.
He was determined to prove the innocence of the crew.
She has a chance to prove her writing skills.
His theory was proved scientifically and accepted by his colleagues.

Definition

(v) resolve or reach an agreement about (an argument or problem); to go and live somewhere new

Parts of speech:  

verb: settle/settles, settling, settled
noun: settler, settlers; settlement, settlements
adjective: settled


Synonyms: work out, put an end to, discharge, move to, live in, reside in, set up home in, take up residence in, put down roots in, inhabit, populate, colonize, land, alight, calm, choose, decide on, agree on, select

Collocations: agree to settle; decide to settle; be able to settle; settle claims; settle terms; settle details; settle boundary; settle place; financial settlement; ancient settlement; coastal settlement; permanent settlement

Examples of Simple Sentences:
My friend has decided to settle permanently in Lisbon, Portugal.
Many people try to settle abroad.
Their dispute has been finally settled.
Their lawyers settled the dispute out of court.
They established a great number of coastal settlements.

Definition

(v) make (something needed or wanted) available to someone; provide; (noun) a store or quantity of something

Parts of speech:  

verb: supply/supplies, supplying, supplied
noun: supply, supplies; supplier


Synonyms: give, provide, produce, furnish, come up with, equip, fill, satisfy, provide for, fulfil, store, source, fund, reserve, stock, quantity

Collocations: can supply; fail to supply; contract to supply; regular supply; fuel supply; energy supply; supply chain; supply network; vital supplies; supply ship; supply fuel; supply training

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Vasco da Gama’s fleet was larger and better supplied than Columbus’s.
In terms of provision, the ship is always supplied with fresh food.
They agreed to supply the protective and cleaning equipment.
Our manager was also asked to supply cleaning materials and galley utensils.

Definition

(v) shape or force (something straight) into a curve or angle

Parts of speech:  

verb: bend/bends, bending, bent
noun: bend, bends


Synonyms: turn, curve, curl, bow, twist, arch, arc, incline, flex, coil, contort, kneel, lean, stoop, veer, shape, direct, influence, force, shift

Collocations: bend sail; bend mast; bend energy; bend force; bend opinion; wide bend; sharp bend; tight bend; bent down; bend back; bend slowly; bend quickly; bend toward/towards

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Time zones bend round the borders of countries and islands.
Why did you bend your head towards him?
He unexpectedly bent the course of the boat.
The force of the wind bent the mast.

Definition

(v) put something on top of or in front of (something), especially in order to protect or conceal it

Parts of speech:  

verb: cover/covers, covering, covered
noun: coverage; covering; cover, covers
adjective: covered


Synonyms: hide, disguise, conceal, curtain, shade, veil, screen, camouflage, wrap, envelope, layer, blanket, envelop, mantle, spread, encase, travel over, cross, protect, insure, compensate

Collocations: try to cover; help to cover; be intended to cover; replace cover; lift cover; removed cover; completely covered; front cover; back cover; article cover; standard cover; insurance cover; cover part; cover portion; cover cost; cover case; under cover of

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The Western Hemisphere covers North and South America.
We need to know the general rules that cover this case.
His notes cover the latest decisions.
Their trade network covers seas from shore to shore.

Definition

(v) to state the edge of an area or of an idea

Parts of speech:  

verb: define/defines, defining, defined
noun: definition, definitions
adjective: definable


Synonyms: describe, interpret, explain, detail, establish, characterize, outline, bound, demarcate, determine, designate, exemplify, illustrate, specify, spell out, mark out, limit

Collocations: can define; define position; define duty; define question; define right; define conditions; define correctly; define specifically; define clearly; formally defined; officially defined; standard definition; concise definition; conventional definition; narrow definition

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Maps help define location.
He was chosen to define our company’s strategy.
It is a good idea to define the limits of your agreement.
It is hard to define the relationship between the state and private sector.

Definition

(v) separate or be separated into parts

Parts of speech:  

verb: divide/divides, dividing, divided
noun: divider, dividers


Synonyms: split, separate, part, break up, share, portion, distribute, allocate, allot, embroil, disunite, come between, group, sort, arrange, classify, categorize, tear, differ, vary

Collocations: be able to divide; can divide; divide task; divide region; divide distance; divide society; divide commerce; divide opinion; divide powers; divided broadly into; divided clearly

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The primary line of longitude divides the Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
The team is divided about the issue discussed.
The authorities are divided over the plan presented by the port administration.
The insurer proposed to divide the loss between the partners.

Definition

(n) a network of lines representing meridians and parallels, on which a map or plan can be represented

Parts of speech:  

noun: graticule (reticule)


Synonyms: grid, structure, system, web, net, organization, arrangement, artery, convolution, interconnections, labyrinth, complex

Collocations: draw graticule; use graticule; accurate graticule; graticule classification; graticule plan; graticule area; graticule marking; division of graticule

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The topic includes information about the Earth's graticule, maps, and tech changes.
A graticule is a network of lines representing the Earth’s meridians and parallels on maps.
Is this grid pattern called a graticule?
Can we classify graticules?

Definition

(n) a long, narrow mark or band or a fine mark drawn on a surface; also the type of work a person is engaged in; also a series of people or things that come after each other

Parts of speech:  

noun: line, lines
verb: line/lines, lining, lined


Synonyms: mark, boundary, limit, edge, borderline, demarcation, rule, bar, band, channel, dash, stripe, row, queue, outline, shape, way, method, avenue, work, interest, job, area, trade, succession, race, descend, stroke, ancestry, lineage

Collocations: horizontal line; parallel line; vertical line, continuous line; latitudinal lines; line of latitude; line of longitude; end of line; direct line; straight line; a line of argument; a line of evidence

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Latitude and longitude are imaginary lines.
The primary line of latitude is around the Earth’s horizontal centre, called the Equator.
Latitudinal lines run from east to west, but they measure the distance north or south of the Equator. A latitude location is given as __ degrees north or __ degrees south.
The horizontal mapping lines on Earth, called also parallels of latitude, help us understand the weather and ocean currents.
The primary line of longitude, called the Prime Meridian, runs vertically north-south through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London, England.
Longitudinal lines measure how far a location is east or west of the Prime Meridian. A longitude location is given as __ degrees east or __ degrees west.
 We see this line, the Prime Meridian, as the vertical starting point for longitude. It is numbered 0 degrees longitude.
The line directly opposite of the Prime Meridian, a 180 degrees vertical line, is called the International Date Line.

Definition

(v) depend on with full trust or confidence or trust or depend on somebody or something

Parts of speech:  

verb: rely/relies, relying, relied
noun: reliability
adjective: reliable
adverb: reliably


Synonyms: have confidence in, be confident of, be sure of, commit, count on, depend on, bank on, trust, entrust, expect, believe in, have faith in, confide, hope

Collocations: be able to rely; can rely; can safely rely on; rely exclusively on; rely traditionally on; forced to rely on; rely on promise; rely on observation; rely on senses; rely upon support

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Absolute location relies on longitude and latitude.
He was advised not to rely mainly on the public news.
She relied mostly on her notes for today’s meeting.
They generally rely on their business partners.

Definition

(v) break or cause to break forcibly into parts, especially into halves or along the grain

Parts of speech:  

verb: split/splits, splitting, split
noun: split, splits


Synonyms: break, break up, come apart, pull apart, crack, burst, cut, divide, separate, disrupt, branch, halve, tear, diverge, go separate ways, breach, disruption, rupture, schism, gap, fissure

Collocations: face a split; plan a split; growing split; deep split; major split; damaging split; easily split; split the difference; split world; split sail

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Geography can be split into two parts: physical geography and human geography.
The split occurred after the meeting.
They eventually split over the main issue.
The costs of the transport have been split between the two carriers.
The discussion led to a split between me and my manager.

Definition

(n) the devotion of time and attention to acquiring knowledge on an academic subject, especially by means of books

Parts of speech:  

noun: study, studies
verb: study/studies, studying, studied
adjective: studied


Synonyms: learn, look at, look into, examine, scrutinize, analyze, consider, investigate, inspect, read, think, inquire, meditate, plunge, dig, tutor, research, survey, view, peruse, ponder

Collocations: according to the studies; detailed study; comprehensive study; research study; historical study; independent study; effects of study; plan to study; study language; study case; study at; study for; study hard; study abroad; study group

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Geography is an essential thing to study for a life in commercial shipping.
Human geography is the study of human activity and how it affects the Earth’s surface.
Physical geography is the study of the dynamics of nature and the environment around us: the mountains, rivers, oceans, plants, and weather.
They are studying hard for next month’s exam.
I always wanted to study maritime history.
She studied the statement in detail before telling them her point.
He studied naval architecture under Professor Gez.

Definition

(v) divide an area or region into zones

Parts of speech:  

verb: zone/zones, zoning, zoned
noun: zone, zones
adjective: zonal


Synonyms: area, sector, region, section, territory, sphere, district, locality, vicinity, belt

Collocations: plan to zone; forced to zone; time zone; zone round; exclusive zone; transition zone; border zone; neutral zone; safe zone; tropical zones; coastal zones; free-trade zone; economic zone; industrial zone; autonomous zone; flood zone; landing zone

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The world’s time zones are based around lines of longitude.
The government and local authorities agreed to establish a free zone in the city.
We need to think how to integrate coastal zone management in this area.

Definition

(v) to have life, as an organism; be alive; be capable of vital functions: all things that live; reside

Parts of speech:  

verb: live/lives, living, lived
noun: living
adjective: live; liveable; living


Synonyms: exist, persist, be alive, have life, breathe, continue, inhabit a dwelling, survive, get along, flourish, prosper, remain alive

Collocations: can live; plan to live; learn to live; live independently; live alone; live together; live permanently; live abroad; a place to live; live among; live comfortably; live peacefully

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Niccolo Polo lived with his brother Matteo for a long time.
She lives abroad now.
They found a great place to live near the sea.
It is not easy to live alone.

Definition

(n) the junction of two rivers, especially rivers of approximately equal width

Parts of speech:  

noun: confluence, confluences
adjective: confluent, confluents


Synonyms: coming together, junction, assemblage, conflux, gathering, meeting, convergence, crowd, concourse, multitude, union, merging

Collocations: natural confluence; uneasy confluence; essential confluence; open confluence; a confluence of social factors; understand confluence; navigate confluence; restore confluence

Examples of Simple Sentences:
When two streams join there is a confluence.
Where more confluences meet, a river will form.
This is the confluence of two major streams.
You can study how to understand the confluence of maritime law and technology.

Definition

(v) put into something as much as can be contained

Parts of speech:  

verb: fill/fills, filling, filled
noun: fill, fills; filling, fillings


Synonyms: fill up, become full, expand, extend, fulfil, hold, perform, supply, stock, load, pack, carry out, satisfy, replace, complete

Collocations: begin to fill; try to fill; able to fill; unable to fill; fill space; fill room; fill pipe; fill vacancy; fill hollow; fill ship; partially filled; slowly filled

Examples of Simple Sentences:
An underground spring usually fills the ponds from beneath.
It was amazing! Every evening our songs filled that place with echoes.
The water bottle was filled up.
He filled his head with classical quotations to impress us.

Definition

(n) an overflowing of a large amount of water beyond its normal confines, especially over what is normally dry land

Parts of speech:  

noun: flood, floods; flooding
verb: flood/floods, flooding, flooded


Synonyms: inundate, cover with water, fill, immerse, swamp, submerge, pour over, run over, deluge, drown, engulf, flow, flow into, rush, rush into, saturate, oversupply, stream, surge

Collocations: spring flood; devastating flood; flood place; flood warning; flood victim; flood control; flood prevention; flood protection; flood insurance; ocean flood; annual flood; flood damage; flood relief; flooded ship

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Floods happen when too much water flows quickly to one place.
The river had flooded its banks.
Their village was inundated by heavy floods.
Heavy rainfall caused these floods.

Definition

(v) go from one place to another in a steady stream, typically in large numbers

Parts of speech:  

verb: flow/flows, flowing, flowed
noun: flow, flows


Synonyms: pour, stream, move, flood, overflow, sweep, swirl, surge, run, rush, issue, course, pass, roll, slide, proceed, spill, circulate, inundate, cascade, go along, run out, follow, emerge

Collocations: facilitate flow; large flow; constant flow; natural flow; river flow; water flow; flow among; flow from; the ebb and flow; rate of flow; increased flow

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Not all water constantly flows.
A divide is a high point in the land where water flows down from one side or the other.
The rain produced a massive flow of water.
They relaxed the rules, and this generated a rapid trade flow.

Definition

(n) a place or line where two or more persons or  things are connected or fastened together

Parts of speech:  

noun: join; joiner
verb: join/joins, joining, joined


Synonyms: connect, link, unite, meet, reach, touch, extend, adjoin, add, annex, enter, sign up for, marry, tie, combine, associate, cooperate, enlist, enroll, come aboard, take part in, team up with

Collocations: decide to join; be allowed to join; want to join; expect to join; refuse to join; joined words; joined voluntarily; join movement; join with me; join ship; join crew; join navy

Examples of Simple Sentences:
I was looking at how water joins the sounding stream.
When two streams join there is a confluence.
She received yesterday an invitation to join a conference in May.
He officially joined our team last year.
Just a few states decided to join this alliance.

Definition

(v) go in a specified direction or manner; change position

Parts of speech:  

verb: move/moves, moving, moved
noun: mover; move, moves; movement, movements
adjective: moving
adverb: movingly


Synonyms: go, walk, change, change position, transfer, transport, carry, shift, switch, progress, advance, influence, inspire, stimulate, motivate, propel, activate, suggest, recommend, submit, propose, relocate, remove, go away, migrate, emigrate, drive, lead

Collocations: move position; move boat; move company; make a move; inspire move; clever move; brilliant move; strategic move; tactical move; career move; move away from; a permanent move; international movement

Examples of Simple Sentences:
In swamps, the water moves so slowly that there is less oxygen in it.
Swamps have more trees generally found next to slow-moving rivers.
The engineers found no difficulty in moving the ship overland.
They moved the vessel in the right direction.
His partner made an unexpected move.
Her move was supported by the entire team.
Her ideas initiated an international movement.

Definition

(n) a set of different things of the same general type

Parts of speech:  

noun: range, ranges
verb: range/ranges, ranging, ranged


Synonyms: arrange, align, extend, order, vary, reach, stretch, sequence, group, file, rank, grade, classify, categorize

Collocations: range subdivisions; extensive range; excellent range; develop a new range; create a new range; launched a new range; cover a vast range; include a full range; within the range; beyond the range

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The sea appears to us in a range of colours.
Every ocean has a different range of temperatures.
They provide an excellent range of educational services for sailors.
The cost of their programme seems outside a normal price range.
We discussed a wide range of issues.
We are interested in the latest range of online courses.

Definition

(n) a small, narrow river

Parts of speech:  

noun: stream, streams
verb: stream/streams, streaming, streamed


Synonyms: flow, pour, flood, spill, cascade, run, course, issue, glide, emit, rush

Collocations: fast-flowing stream; mountain stream; polluted stream; crossed the stream; down the stream; up the stream; edge of the stream; side of the stream; across a stream; endless stream

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Streams are bodies of water with current and constant motion.
We use different names for streams depending on their size, speed, depth, and location.
Creeks, brooks, tributaries, even rivers are all types of stream.
A stream starts at its source, which is usually up in high mountains from melting snow.
The stream flows through the valley.

Definition

(n) the alternate rising and falling of the sea, usually twice in each lunar day at a particular place, due to the attraction of the Moon and Sun

Parts of speech:  

noun: tide, tides; tidal wave, tidal waves
verb: tide/tides, tiding, tided


Synonyms: current, flow, ebb, undertow, course, direction, movement, drift

Collocations: strong tide; outgoing tide; high tide; spring tide; ocean tide; go with the tide; swim against the tide; turn of the tide; rising tide; incoming tide

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Large lakes can have tides, currents and affect the local weather.
This is the time when the highest tide occurs.
We want to catch the tide.
The shore is washed by the tide twice a day.

Definition

(v) to limit; a territorial limit; a boundary

Parts of speech:  

verb: bound/bounds, bounding, bounded
noun: boundary, boundaries; bounds
adjective: boundless


Synonyms: limit, define, confine, enclose, encircle, demarcate, delimit, terminate, circumscribe, surround

Collocations: be bound; boundary line; national boundary; geographical boundary; across the boundary; along the boundary; beyond the boundary

Examples of Simple Sentences:
We are bound contractually.
The river forms a state boundary.
They fought for a long time to establish their territorial boundary.
In that area there is a boundary dispute between opposing states.
There is a boundary between the oceanic plates and the continental plates of the Earth’s crust.

Definition

(v) write or create (a work of art, especially music or poetry)

Parts of speech:  

verb: compose/composes, composing, composed
noun: composer, composers; composition, compositions; compositor
adjective: composed; composite


Synonyms: put together, make, make up, build, form, comprise, contrive, construct, arrange, order, organize, constitute, create, produce, write, frame, imagine, invent, devise

Collocations: can compose; compose music; mostly composed; predominantly composed; chemical composition; exact composition; perfect composition

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Ocean water is composed of many substances such as salts, sugars, and acids.
They try to determine the water’s composition.
Last week was noticed a change in the composition of the water.
Our team is exclusively composed of maritime experts.

Definition

(v) think carefully about (something), typically before making a decision

Parts of speech:  

verb: consider/considers, considering, considered
noun: consideration, considerations
adjective: considerable
adverb: considerably
preposition: considering


Synonyms: think, think about, view as, regard as, work over, take into consideration, keep in view, study, examine, deliberate, suppose, see, believe, contemplate, resolve, judge, look at, inspect, reason, meditate

Collocations: be able to consider; can consider; briefly considered; give detailed consideration; practical consideration; commercial consideration; cost consideration; security consideration

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Are you still considering the colour of the ocean?
All information received was carefully considered by each of us.
Planning a sea voyage requires a close consideration.
Each stage must be considered extremely well.
We need to take into consideration the captain’s guidelines, the company’s guidelines, the ship’s cargo, and the business environment.

Definition

(n) any of the world's main continuous expanses of land (Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, north America, south America)

Parts of speech:  

noun: continent, continents; continental
adjective: continental


Synonyms: landmass, mainland, craton, subcontinent

Collocations: an entire continent; Australian continent; on the continent of Europe; across the continent; continental climate; continental trade; continental resources; continental margin; continental plate

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Our business network covers two continents.
How far to the west does the continent stretch?
The continental margin is the name for the boundary between the oceanic and the continental plates of the Earth’s crust.

Definition

(n) the degree of compactness of a substance

Parts of speech:  

noun: density, densities; denseness
adjective: dense
adverb: densely


Synonyms: consistency, thickness, tightness, compactness, closeness, solidity, bulk, mass, frequency, quantity

Collocations: know water density; determine water density; measure water density; density varies; density changed; density increased; high density; low density

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Differences in water density are responsible for the deep-ocean currents.
Water density increases as salinity, temperature, and pressure changes.
First, we need to determine the water density.
Who knows how can we measure the water density?

Definition

(v) (with reference to a solid) become or cause to become incorporated into a liquid so as to form a solution

Parts of speech:  

verb: dissolve/dissolves, dissolving, dissolved


Synonyms: melt, soften, liquefy, terminate, discontinue, overthrow, dismantle, break up, break down, wind up, vanish, fade, evaporate, disperse, crumble, disappear, dissipate

Collocations: can dissolve; be able to dissolve; try to dissolve; effectively dissolved; dissolved gradually; dissolved completely; the organisation is officially dissolved

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The molecules have dissolved in water.
Dissolve a spoon of sugar into a glass of water, then drink it slowly.
Please wait, the calcium tablet hasn’t dissolved completely yet.
His company was formally dissolved a few years ago.
Many substances such as salts, sugars, acids, bases, and organic molecules can all dissolve in water.

Definition

(v) become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree

Parts of speech:  

verb: increase/increases, increasing, increased
noun: increase, increases
adverb: increasingly


Synonyms: grow, extend, expand, raise, boost, develop, advance, enhance, enlarge, escalate, dilate, widen, intensify, heighten, multiply, spread, mount, get bigger, swell

Collocations: be able to increase; can increase; plan to increase; avoid increase; suggest increase; make increase; significantly increased; considerably increased

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Water density also increases as salinity, temperature, and pressure changes.
It is obvious that an increase in population implies an increase in trade.
The commercial interest in this business increased progressively in the last year.
The price of water it is expected to increase.

Definition

(v) exist or be found to be present in a place or under a particular set of conditions

Parts of speech:  

verb: occur/occurs, occurring, occurred
noun: occurrence


Synonyms: exist, take place, come about, be found, be present, appear, show, show itself, arise, follow, result, develop, come to mind, transpire

Collocations: be able to occur; can occur; occurs sometimes; occurs exclusively; likely to occur; unlikely to occur often; regular occurrence; common occurrence

Examples of Simple Sentences:
This event occurs naturally.
They wanted to prevent the unexpected occurrence.
The dispute occurred between two sailors on Friday last week.

Definition

(n) the amount of salt in water or other solution

Parts of speech:  

noun: salinity; saline


Synonyms: saltiness, brininess, coarseness

Collocations: high salinity; increased salinity; surface salinity; effects of salinity

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The water in the lake has a lower salinity.
The seawater has a high salinity.
Water density also increases as salinity, temperature, and pressure changes.
The Dead Sea has 30% salinity, or salt content, because much of the water evaporates and there is hardly any current.

Definition

(n) the ground under the sea; the ocean floor

Parts of speech:  

noun: seabed


Synonyms: bed, sea bottom, ocean bottom, sea floor, ocean floor, continental shelf, Davy Jones, abyssal zone

Collocations: seabed ecosystem; seabed segments; seabed currents; seabed resources; international seabed; seabed mining

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Who approves access to the seabed resources of this country?
Their cargo has been lying on the seabed for more than three months.
The new team is going to study the world's deep seabed ecosystems, which lie in the high seas.
The study is about international regulations regarding open access to seabed resources.

Definition

(v) have an effect on; make a difference to

Parts of speech:  

verb: affect/affects, affecting, affected
adjective: affected


Synonyms: influence, impact, involve, transform, concern, change, modify, prevail, manipulate

Collocations: can affect; may affect; be affected; affect behaviour; affect speech; affect sight; affect reception; dramatically affected; severely affected; seriously affected; directly affected; issues affecting

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Deep currents are affected by the heat and salt content of water.
Coastal communities are profoundly affected by climate change.
The global market is significantly affected by the supply chains disruptions.
We were seriously affected in different ways.
The market confusion affected not only our business, but our chances for growth, too.
This outbreak affects the health of the whole crew.

Definition

(adj) along or by the shore

Parts of speech:  

adjective: alongshore
adverb: alongshore


Synonyms: coastal, littoral, shoreside, inshore

Collocations: alongshore migration; alongshore sequence; alongshore structure consisting of; alongshore wind; alongshore sediment

Examples of Simple Sentences:
We study the alongshore sequence of high and low tides.
Each segment of the coast has a unique alongshore structure.
They asked us to define the physical gradients alongshore.
The first step is to understand the key concepts of ‘alongshore sediment transport’.
This study describes the transport rate of sediments alongshore.

Definition

(v) bring (something) into existence

Parts of speech:  

verb: create/creates, creating, created
noun: creator; creation; creativity
adjective: creative


Synonyms: form, make, develop, produce, cause, lead to, bring about, generate, initiate, originate, formulate, constitute, design, invent, shape

Collocations: can create; plan to create; aim to create; facilitate creation; create conditions; create jobs; create problems; create invention; create opportunities; use creativity; created from

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Stronger winds that blow for a long time over a long distance create the biggest waves.
Winds can create currents too.
They led to the creation of big waves.
Their actions prevented the creation of a new movement.
The government opposed the creation of a wind farm.
The organisation was created to provide advice and support to young sailors.
You can create an account anytime.

Definition

(n) the force that attracts a body toward the centre of the earth, or toward any other physical body having mass

Parts of speech:  

noun: gravity; gravitation
verb: gravitate/gravitates, gravitating, gravitated
adjective: gravitational


Synonyms: be attracted to, be attracted towards, be influenced to, be influenced towards, be pulled to, be pulled towards, be drawn towards, drift, move, incline, tend

Collocations: force of gravity; centre of gravity; law of gravity; power of gravity; gravitational effects; strong gravity; low gravity; highest gravity; growing gravity; gravity field

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Tides are caused by the Moon’s gravity.
The Sun’s gravity also affects the oceans; it has about half the power of the Moon’s gravity.
Tides always relate to the heights of water on Earth, because of the gravitational effects of the Moon and the Sun.
It was subject to the force of lunar gravity.

Definition

(n) a repeated design

Parts of speech:  

noun: pattern, patterns
verb: pattern/patterns, patterning, patterned
adjective: patterned


Synonyms: imitate, follow, form, model, shape

Collocations: study pattern; analyse pattern; follow pattern; create pattern; regular pattern; random pattern; repeated pattern; working pattern; recognize pattern; follow pattern; built on a pattern

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The currents usually follow the wind patterns.
Are there specific wind patterns for this region?
Their study aims to identify the global wind patterns that affect climate.
They created similar patterns.
Global winds blow in patterns based on different latitudes.
Each of them has a different learning pattern.

Definition

(v) say or estimate that (a specified thing) will happen in the future or will be a consequence of something

Parts of speech:  

verb: predict/predicts, predicting, predicted
noun: predictor
adjective: predictable


Synonyms: forecast, foretell, foresee, call, conclude, anticipate, envision, guess

Collocations: attempt to predict; predict weather; predict with certainty; predict with confidence; difficult to predict; possible to predict; easily predictable; reliable prediction

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration uses 37 different factors to predict the tides.
One academic found a total of 396 significant factors for predicting the oceans’ movements.
The wind patterns became more predictable.
They provided an accurate prediction.
They have made an incorrect prediction.
The seller could confidently predict the outcome of negotiation.
National polls are predicting a great result for us.

Definition

(v) moving up or advance

Parts of speech:  

verb: rise/rises, rising, rose, risen
noun: rise, rises


Synonyms: move up, go up, ascend, climb, increase, soar, mount, grow, advance, progress, prosper, work your way up, arise, lift, swell, surge

Collocations: begin to rise; continue to rise; expect to rise; start to rise; predict to rise; rise from; rise into; rise early; rise gradually; rapid rise; recent rise

Examples of Simple Sentences:
This downwelling water flows along the bottom of the ocean floor, and then rises where it is warmer near the equator.
Did you notice? The Moon is rising.
Their popularity rose higher and higher as time went on.
The sea has risen to record levels.
They all asked the manager for a pay rise.
The ship owner had a different opinion, and the crew has risen up against the company.
There has been a rise in interest for this idea.

Definition

(n) matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid; dregs

Parts of speech:  

noun: sediment, sediments
adjective: sedimentary


Synonyms: matter, grounds, dregs, debris, deposit, residue, settlings

Collocations: sediment settles easily; sediment overflow; sediment has risen to; sediment was moved; sediment was carried; sediments released; sediment collector

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Alongshore currents move water and sediment along the shoreline.
The accumulations of sediment can be noticed easily.
A small proportion of the sediment was moved recently.
From where are these sediments released in the river?

Definition

(adj) related to the depth (of water)

Parts of speech:  

adjective: shallow, shallower, shallowest
noun: shallowness, shallows


Synonyms: not deep, slight, empty, flat

Collocations: shallow water; shallow sea; shallow brooks; move in shallow water; beneath shallow water; shallow reasoning

Examples of Simple Sentences:
In shallow water, currents from wind can be faster, up to 10% of the wind speed.
The hull moves slowly through shallow water.
Tides are shallow water waves.
The ship ran aground in the shallows.

Definition

(n) a rising of seawater, magma, or other liquid

Parts of speech:  

noun: upwelling, upwellings
adjective: upwelling


Synonyms: flood, gush, surge, deluge, flow, stream, gust, sweep, spill, upsurge, raise, boost

Collocations: upwelling water; upwelling of nutrients; upwelling conditions; upwelling process; upwelling season; coastal upwelling

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The upwelling water is colder and very rich in nutrients.
This upwelling water carries many deep-sea nutrients.
The growth of seaweed and plankton are supported by coastal upwelling.
How often does the upwelling process occur?
Where does the upwelling process mostly take place?

Definition

(n) the quality or state of being correct or precise

Parts of speech:  

noun: accuracy
adjective: accurate
adverb: accurately


Synonyms: certainty, precision, fidelity, exactness, exactitude, correctness, truth, truthfulness, carefulness, strictness

Collocations: be accurate; check accuracy; improve accuracy; question accuracy; historical accuracy; technical accuracy; accuracy was verified; accuracy was confirmed

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The backstaff, invented in 1594 by Captain John Davis, was more accurate and easier to use than the cross-staff.
They soon began to question the accuracy of his statement.
It seems that the research is not entirely accurate.
Our prediction proved to be accurate.
They predicted the results with great accuracy.
A great piece of advice is to double-check your document for accuracy.

Definition

(v) move forward in a purposeful way

Parts of speech:  

verb: advance/advances, advancing, advanced
noun: advance, advances; advancement
adjective: advance; advanced


Synonyms: progress, improve, go ahead, come forward, go forward, push forward, bring forward, proceed, accelerate, speed, promote, expedite, develop, grow, rise, reform, thrive, upgrade

Collocations: committed to advancing; fail to advance; advanced rapidly; stimulate advancement; advance in the line; advance in the company; advance from; advance through time

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Our business network needs to advance globally.
It was one of the earliest technological advancements.
Both companies are technologically advanced.
The aim is to advance the development of coastal communities.
We received an advance copy of the project.

Definition

(v) go or come up (a slope, incline, or staircase), especially by using the feet and sometimes the hands; ascend

Parts of speech:  

verb: climb/climbs, climbing, climbed
noun: climb; climber


Synonyms: go up, ascend, rise, soar, fly up, top, clamber

Collocations: attempt to climb; begin to climb; make the climb slower; climb carefully; climb to the top; climb above; climb from; climb up; gradual climbing to; difficult climb; steady climb

Examples of Simple Sentences:
If you climb to higher ground, you will be able to see the ship better.
Please, climb that staircase carefully. This is not like climbing trees.
This is my first climb on board a ship.
As soon as you arrive, you should climb over the hills for an amazing view.

Definition

(n) the fact of being curved or the degree to which something is curved

Parts of speech:  

noun: curvature, curvatures


Synonyms: arch, arc, bend, curve, bow, flexure

Collocations: Earth’s curvature; significant curvature; insignificant curvature; slight curvature

Examples of Simple Sentences:
When a ship looks like it is disappearing beneath a hill, it is in a way; it is moving out of sight due to the Earth’s curvature.
Our old TV screen has a slight curvature.
It is an insignificant curvature.
Can be the curvature of the Earth determined?

Definition

(v) extending or moving from one place to another by the shortest way without changing direction or stopping

Parts of speech:  

verb: direct/directs, directing, directed
noun: direction, directions
adjective: direct; directional
adverb: directly


Synonyms: guide, control, conduct, handle, lead, run, operate, rule, govern, regulate, order, oversee, command, point, point the way, point in the direction of, aim, focus

Collocations: direct the students to; direct attention towards; direct efforts towards; direct ship; direct approach; direct impact; a change of direction; good direction

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The work was expertly directed by the manager.
Before the meeting, we prepared a few direct questions.
Their studies were mainly directed towards analysing the issue from a global perspective.
Each of us followed a different direction.
We received some advice from an unexpected direction.
There is a direct connection between these two ports.
What exactly is direct shipment? It is a method of delivering goods directly from the supplier to the consumer.
They split their environment into four directions, the cardinal directions.

Definition

(v) cease to be visible

Parts of speech:  

verb: disappear/disappears, disappearing, disappeared
noun: disappearance, disappearances


Synonyms: vanish, be lost to view, recede, fade away, run away, get away, pass, flee, fly, cease, escape, end, expire, perish, evaporate

Collocations: disappeared gradually; disappeared behind; disappeared like smoke; disappeared from; apparently disappeared; unexplained disappearance

Examples of Simple Sentences:
If you watch a ship sailing into the distance, the bottom part of the ship will disappear first, then the top part.
It looks like it is disappearing beneath a hill.
The ship disappeared suddenly.
The container disappeared at night without a trace.
He cannot explain the apparent disappearance of the contract.

Definition

(v) raise or lift (something) up to a higher position

Parts of speech:  

verb: elevate/elevates, elevating, elevated
noun: elevation
adjective: elevating; elevated


Synonyms: lift, uplift, lift up, raise, raise up, step up, advance, increase, intensify, move up, boost, excite, exhilarate

Collocations: elevate position; elevate ideas; elevate system; elevate people; elevate understanding; elevated species; elevating study; local elevation; water surface elevation; elevation of sea floor; onshore elevation

Examples of Simple Sentences:
There is a huge interest in elevating sailors’ working conditions and standards.  
Nautical fiction illustrates people’s relationship with the sea and elevates readers’ imaginations.
The device has an elevation of 30 degrees.
It measures the elevation of the main water level.
We need to understand how these organisms form their own communities across the zone’s elevation gradient.

Definition

(n) the line at which the earth's surface and the sky appear to meet

Parts of speech:  

noun: horizon, horizons
adjective: horizontal
adverb: horizontally


Synonyms: skyline, boundary, border, view, field, limit, compass, scope, perspective, prospect

Collocations: scan horizon; distant horizon; above horizon; beyond horizon; sea-level horizon; visible horizon; geometric horizon; celestial horizon

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The sea-level horizon is where we see the ocean reach the sky in a line all around us.
On land, buildings or mountains may break up the ‘perfect’ sea-level horizon.
The distance of your visible horizon increases when you climb higher.
Another important type of horizon is the celestial horizon.
The astronomical horizon is the spherical plane at a 90-degree angle around the observer.
The sea stretched on to the distant horizon.
They scanned the horizon.

Definition

(v) look fixedly or vacantly at someone or something with one's eyes wide open

Parts of speech:  

verb: stare/stares, staring, stared
noun: stare, stares


Synonyms: look, watch, gaze, goggle, glare, peer, eye, focus, gawk, take in

Collocations: staring at; sit and stare; stand and stare; stare suspiciously; stare across; stare around; stare straight ahead; stare into the dark; blank stare; furious stare

Examples of Simple Sentences:
They must have gone blind staring at the Sun.
I stared at the ships for hours yesterday afternoon.
They continue to stare curiously at each maritime exhibit inside the museum.
He is staring out over the horizon thinking of his family.
The captain stared up from below, trying to recognise his boat.
It was a stare of surprise.

Definition

(v) move or cause to move slowly or rhythmically backward and forward or from side to side

Parts of speech:  

verb: sway/sways, swaying, swayed
noun: sway, sways


Synonyms: swing, bend, lean, incline, oscillate, move from side to side, wave

Collocations: sway gently; swaying boat deck; be easily swayed; ship sway; boat sway

Examples of Simple Sentences:
They measured the sky from their busy and swaying boat deck.
The boat began to sway gently. It moved back and forth for a few hours.
Our flag swayed beautifully in the wind.
He didn’t think before the voyage that he would get seasick from the ship’s sway.

Definition

(v) make (something) suitable for a new use or purpose; modify

Parts of speech:  

verb: adapt/adapts, adapting, adapted
noun: adaptation; adaptability
adjective: adaptable


Synonyms: prepare, modify, make, change, match, comply, alter, accommodate, harmonize, convert, suit, shape, tailor, transform, qualify, remodel

Collocations: be able to adapt; can adapt; learn to adapt; try to adapt; ability to adapt; adapt to changes; adapt your style; evolutionary adaptation

Examples of Simple Sentences:
This company has a highly adaptable business system.
They have a fantastic ability to adapt to various weather conditions.
As always, we face continuous evolutionary adaptation.
The course was adapted to suit the needs of all students.

Definition

(adj) of the greatest importance; fundamental

Parts of speech:  

adjective: cardinal
noun: (pl) cardinal points; cardinal number, cardinal numbers


Synonyms: prime, principal, main, essential, overriding, predominant, compass rose, quarter points, degrees

Collocations: cardinal direction; cardinal points; origin of cardinal points; indicate cardinal points; cardinal importance

Examples of Simple Sentences:
On the open ocean, we need to know the main cardinal directions: north, south, east, and west.
The four cardinal directions are the four main points of the compass.
It is very important to know the four cardinal points.
Each cardinal direction uses the rising and setting of the Sun as a reference point.
The four cardinal directions are north (N), east (E), south (S), and west (W).
Each cardinal direction arrives at 90° intervals on the compass rose.

Definition

(adj) positioned in or relating to the sky, or outer space as observed in astronomy

Parts of speech:  

adjective: celestial


Synonyms: heavenly, astronomical, astral, stellar, planetary

Collocations: celestial bodies; celestial motion; celestial navigation; celestial object; celestial pilot

Examples of Simple Sentences:
We can find the main cardinal directions by celestial bodies, or through using a magnetic compass.
What exactly is a celestial body? Each natural object which exists outside the Earth’s atmosphere.  
Celestial bodies include stars, planets, asteroids, and even galaxies.
The main celestial bodies used in navigation are the Sun, the Moon, and the stars.
Celestial navigation uses angular calculation between celestial bodies and the visible horizon.

Definition

(n) a fastening made by tying a piece of string, rope, or something similar; (pl) unit of speed used in navigation

Parts of speech:  

noun: (pl) knots (nautical); knot, knots
verb: knot/knots, knotting, knotted


Synonyms: one nautical mile per hour, tie, connection, bond, joint, set, tangle, knit, band, crowd, pack, squad, circle, group, company

Collocations: have knots; count knots; knots counted; knotted strings; loose knot; tight knot; knot wind; knot number

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The rope has knots tied at regular intervals.
They count the number of knots on the rope.
The number of knots was a good measurement of speed.
A knot is one nautical mile per hour.
They tied too many knots.
They knotted the strings tightly.

Definition

(v) introduce or record detailed information

Parts of speech:  

verb: log/logs, logging, logged
noun: log, logs


Synonyms: record, register, report, enter, note, make a note of, chart, tally, put down, account

Collocations: log instrument; common log; ship’s logbook; detailed log; captain’s log; navigation log books

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Sailors developed chip logs as a very simple solution for measuring speed.
A log records the distance travelled by a ship through the water.
Sailors used a device called ‘common log’ to measure the speed of their ship.
Each log instrument must be calibrated at regular intervals.
What is a log book?
There are a variety of navigation log books.
A log book, or logbook, is a tool for recording details such as: when you passed buoys, what the log instrument read at that time, weather information, wind force and direction, and any change of the ship’s course.
Sailors use a log book for recording daily events. In the case of longer voyages, the events are written every hour.

Definition

(n) a unit of linear measure equal to 1,760 yards (approximately 1.609 kilometers)

Parts of speech:  

noun: mile, miles


Synonyms: nautical mile, knot, sea mile, land mile, square mile, statute mile

Collocations: nautical mile; miles away; three miles’ walk; three-mile journey; ten-mile race; half-mile mark; ten miles’ length; three-mile limit; ten-mile line; half-mile buoy; hundred-mile voyage

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Nautical miles are used for navigation.
Distance on water is measured in nautical miles, or NM.
The length of a nautical mile is 1,852 metres – the distance spanned by one minute of latitude.
One degree of latitude equals 60 nautical miles.
Our ship is miles away.

Definition

(adj) (especially of a hand or arm) extended or stretched out

Parts of speech:  

adjective: outstretched
verb: outstretch/outstretches, outstretching, outstretched


Synonyms: stretched, spread out, unfolded, broaden, enlarge, expand

Collocations: keep arms outstretched; outstretched arms; outstretched hand; leg/legs outstretched; foot/feet outstretched

Examples of Simple Sentences:
A fathom is a measure of depth of water; one fathom is the length between the fingertips on either hand of a man with outstretched arms.
Can you lie on the floor with your legs outstretched?
Can you hold the pencil upright in your outstretched right hand?

Definition

(n) a length of strong cord made by twisting together strands of natural fibres such as hemp or artificial fibres such as polypropylene

Parts of speech:  

noun: rope, ropes
verb: rope/ropes, roping, roped


Synonyms: cable, cord, line, hawser, tie, bind, moor, fasten, lash, hitch

Collocations: throw rope; catch rope; take rope; hold rope; tie rope; seize rope; pull rope; pass rope; bring rope; skip rope; grasp rope; stretch rope; secure rope; rope attached the boat; length of the rope; a coil of rope

Examples of Simple Sentences:
He took the rope and held it tight.
One of the sailors threw a rope ashore.
The sailor knotted the rope around a pole.
He used a strong rope.

Definition

(v) cause (something) to conform to a standard

Parts of speech:  

verb: standardise/standardises, standardising, standardised
noun: standardisation, standardisations
adjective: standardised


Synonyms: make regular, make similar, stereotype, institutionalize, bring into line, assimilate, mass-produce

Collocations: standardise requirements; standardising force; standardised format; standardised protocol; standardised descriptor

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Standardisation ensures certain goods are produced in the same way.
We try to develop a standardised protocol using the information received.
Nowadays, internationally standardised descriptors are used in many fields.
We summarised key information about our products in a standardised format.
Can standardised maritime education benefit the industry?

Definition

(v) take away (something) from something else so as to decrease the size, number, or amount

Parts of speech:  

verb: subtract/subtracts, subtracting, subtracted
noun: subtraction, subtractions


Synonyms: deduct, diminish, remove, debit, withdraw, take from, take off

Collocations: subtract number; subtract difference; subtract decimal; subtract function; subtract costs; subtract from

Examples of Simple Sentences:
To measure the angle from the horizon to Polaris, subtract that number from 90, and there you have your latitude.
We can add to them or subtract from them.
Subtract the difference between 20 and 24 days.

Definition

(v) form a visible curve or a rounded accumulation

Parts of speech:  

verb: bulge/bulges, bulging, bulged
noun: bulge, bulges
adjective: bulgy


Synonyms: expand, stand out, swell out, stick out, project, bloat, protrude, lump, bump, projection, increase, rise, boost, surge, intensification

Collocations: bulge with things; bulge with boxes; bulge protection; big bulge of water

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Imagine that the Earth’s entire surface was water, and now imagine that there was a big bulge of water in one part.
Earth’s gravity would act to flatten that bulge.
We try to understand what caused that bulge.
The postman’s bag was bulging with parcels.
He pulled so hard on the rope that his veins are bulged.

Definition

(n) a map or guide (v) produce charts or maps for sailing ships or flying aircrafts; lay out or make a plan

Parts of speech:  

verb: chart/charts, charting, charted
noun: chart, charts


Synonyms: map out, map, plan, draft, sketch, plot, delineate, outline, lay out, diagram, graph

Collocations: make a chart; mark a chart; chart making; chart maker; nautical chart; navigation chart; old chart; valuable chart

Examples of Simple Sentences:
They read the angle, and then compared it to the respective star charts.
Their voyage is marked on the chart.
They found in the cabin an old nautical chart.
Is there a weather chart available?
We need a navigation chart for this venture.
We must consult the navigation chart.
She inherited some valuable charts and maritime journals.

Definition

(n) an individual fact or item; (v) describe item by item; give the full particulars of

Parts of speech:  

verb: detail/details, detailing, detailed
noun: detail, details
adjective: detailed


Synonyms: relate, describe, specify, depict, list, narrate, enumerate, catalogue, choose, name, select, appoint, nominate, assign, allocate, analyze, lay out, portray, summarize

Collocations: detail the project; detailed the incident to; try to detail; ask for detail; give details; provide details; fine details; see more details; pay attention to the details; learn the details of; detail work; detail map; detail point; detail information; detail arrangements

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The declination angle detailed the different noon angles at different latitudes.
Those measurements are detailed in the logbook.
He considers all small details very carefully.
The voyage details are essentials.
He presented that detail as insignificant.
The company provided the final details of the transport operations.
She received a document with a detailed description of the meeting.
All details were disclosed after their negotiation.
He detailed the incident to his superior.
Can you go into greater detail regarding what happened?
Don’t worry. You can decide on details later.

Definition

(v) make a prominent exhibition of (something) in a place where it can be easily seen

Parts of speech:  

verb: display/displays, displaying, displayed
noun: display, displays


Synonyms: show, expose, open to view, expose to view, put on view, exhibit, unveil, reveal, demonstrate, illustrate, manifest, disclose, make known, show off, perform, present

Collocations: display screen; display window; display resource; display model; display the results; see display; watch display; pause display; provide display; change your computer display; a display of knowledge

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The information displayed was accurate.
There is a board on the display in front of us.
This is your chance to display your skills.
The document was displayed on your screen.
The device displays the degree scale.
The astrolabe displayed the correct latitude.
The display indicated the wrong time.
Can you put it on display?

Definition

(n) the state or condition of being wrong in conduct or judgment

Parts of speech:  

noun: error, errors
verb: err/errs, erring, erred


Synonyms: make a mistake, be inaccurate, be incorrect, be mistaken, misbehave, miscalculate, misjudge, deviate, fall, go wrong, mess up, screw up, blunder

Collocations: identify error; measure error; report error; correct error; mark error; administrative error; measurement error; major error; minor error; language error; error correction; error note; an error message appeared

Examples of Simple Sentences:
On a rolling ship in high winds the angle measurement could have an error of up to 5 degrees, or 300 km.
He found he was only 20 km out on his latitude calculations, an error of less than 0.5% on the 5000km journey.
His interpretation was an embarrassing error.
It was marked down as a human error.
It was an error of judgement.
The error was reported.
He made several errors on his test.

Definition

(v) raze (a building or settlement) to the ground; to reduce to an even level

Parts of speech:  

verb: flatten/flattens, flattening, flattered


Synonyms: roll, level, smooth, compress, plaster, demolish, pull down, knock down, remove, straighten, smash, raze

Collocations: be flattened; seem flattened; flatten out; flatten a box; flatten a map; was flattened by them

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The Earth’s gravity flattened that bulge out on the surface of water.
The waves flattened suddenly.
They worked hard to flatten the curve.
A strong gust of wind flattened the grass.

Definition

(v) suspend or be suspended from above with the lower part dangling free

Parts of speech:  

verb: hang/hangs, hanging, hung
noun: hang, hangs


Synonyms: suspend, hold, support, dangle

Collocations: try to hang; plan to hang; can hang; hang on a moment; hang up the phone; hang in there; hang around

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The captain decided where to hang the astrolabe.
They hung the heavy rope around a post.
He could finally hang the map on the wall.
The map is hung on the wall in front of us.
That fear was always hanging over his shoulder.
I noticed a curious child hanging around the boat.

Definition

(v) achieve or produce something better than

Parts of speech:  

verb: improve/improves, improving, improved
noun: improvement, improvements


Synonyms: enhance, advance, better, upgrade, amend, embellish, add to, get better, develop, recover, mend, progress, make progress, gain ground, gain strength, correct

Collocations: can improve; try to improve; need to improve; improve skills; improve position; improve communication; improve the business; improved by research; improved in some ways; significantly improved; considerable improvement

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The knowledge of the astrolabe was passed over to the Islamic world, where the mechanism was improved and developed.
Is there any area of improvement? Yes, I have an ambitious improvement plan.
We continue to improve our activity in this sector.
They demand an improvement in his attitude.
Their efforts were reflected in a significant improvement.
It was an early attempt to improve their relationship.

Definition

(adj) at an angle of 90° to a given line, plane, or surface

Parts of speech:  

adjective: perpendicular


Synonyms: at right angles, at 90 degrees, straight, vertical, upright, standing, steep

Collocations: be perpendicular; perpendicular line; perpendicular sides

Examples of Simple Sentences:
When the astrolabe hung was perpendicular to the ocean, they lined up the two holes for the sun to shine through.
He drew two perpendicular lines on the sheet of paper.

Definition

(n) a very small hole

Parts of speech:  

noun: pinhole, pinholes


Synonyms: cut, eye, orifice, break, fissure, gap, slot, space, gash, perforation, puncture

Collocations: small pinhole; two pinholes; pinhole diameter; pinhole model; pinhole eye; pinhole camera; pinhole view; contain pinhole

Examples of Simple Sentences:
At night, the sailor looked through the astrolabe and lined up the instrument so they saw the star through both pinholes.
Can you try to reduce the entrance to a pinhole diameter?
They want to measure the distance between the pinholes.
It can be seen in a pinhole camera image.
Through the pinhole gap she could see the sky.

Definition

(v) determine (the amount or number of something) mathematically

Parts of speech:  

verb: calculate/calculates, calculating, calculated
noun: calculation; calculator, calculators
adjective: calculable


Synonyms: determine, count, work out, adjust, consider, measure, multiply, reckon, subtract, estimate, enumerate, judge, value, compute, rate, figure, gauge, plan, frame, formulate, arrange

Collocations: be able to calculate; can calculate; calculate numbers; calculate effects; calculate size; calculate consequences; calculate damage; calculate cost; calculate distance; complex calculations; detailed calculation; quick calculation; strategic calculation

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Complex and accurate calculations around time keeping were always difficult.
These amounts need to be calculated very precisely.
He used a standard method of calculation.
It was difficult to calculate the distance between the two points.
All these seem like complicated calculations.

Definition

(v) invite (someone) to engage in a contest

Parts of speech:  

verb: challenge/challenges, challenging, challenged
noun: challenge, challenges; challenger
adjective: challenging


Synonyms: question, dispute, object to, disagree with, confront, provoke, defy, summon, call out, interrogate, test

Collocations: challenge the idea of; challenge the status quo; challenge on the basis of; be able to challenge; can challenge; face a challenge; accept a challenge; ongoing challenge; logistical challenge; big challenge

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Accurate timekeeping has been a challenge for most of human history.
This was a great challenge for our team. It was particularly challenging from a technical point of view.
We tried to make the voyage more challenging for each of us.
Don’t you think that it is challenging enough?
It was a challenge to the captain’s authority.
Rationing food resources remained a continuous challenge for the voyage.
A sailor’s job is always a challenge.
It’s a rewarding challenge to work with a multicultural team! It improves my creativity.
I’m sure a little challenge is always good for you.
The company’s decision was challenged in court.

Definition

(v) a point or way in which people or things are not the same

Parts of speech:  

noun: difference, differences
verb: differ/differs, differing, differed
adjective: different
adverb: differently


Synonyms: change, distinction, variation, variety, contrast, controversy, alteration, diversity, disparity, dissimilarity, discrepancy, differential, differentiation, disagreement, inconsistency, clash, dispute, incompatibility, exception, singularity, particularity

Collocations: agree to differ; beg to differ; differ widely; differ fundamentally; versions differ; views differ; differ only in; find difference; calculate difference; make difference; time difference; important difference

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The difference between these two times will give you how far west you are from the original point.
Further westward, the Sun will appear later in the east and set later west; this means a different solar time.
My colleagues’ points of view differ fundamentally from mine.
The contract’s conditions are clearly different.
She knows she can make a difference.
We study the historical differences in this area.

Definition

(v) roughly calculate or judge the value, number, quantity, or extent of

Parts of speech:  

verb: estimate/estimates, estimating, estimated
noun: estimate, estimates; estimation, estimations


Synonyms: consider, assess, evaluate, value, calculate, guess, judge, think, believe, hold, determine, examine, expect, predict

Collocations: estimate speed; estimate distance; estimate potential; estimate growth; estimate transport costs; give estimate; offer estimate; send estimate; rough estimate; best estimate

Examples of Simple Sentences:
We estimated an increase of the voyage cost.
They sent the annual estimates based on the total cost.
Is it possible to estimate the damage? Yes, but it will be hard to have such an estimation today.
We need a realistic estimation for each shipment.
The initial estimation suggested a different result.
Does your estimate include taxes?
Can you estimate the repair cost only?

Definition

(v) a piece of iron (or an ore, alloy, or other material) that has its component atoms so ordered that the material exhibits properties of magnetism, such as attracting other iron-containing objects or aligning itself in an external magnetic field

Parts of speech:  

noun: magnet, magnets; magnetism; magnetization
verb: magnetize/magnetizes, magnetizing, magnetized
adjective: magnetic


Synonyms: pull, attraction, draw, call, appeal, enticement, seduction, temptation, hook, inducement

Collocations: use magnet; buy magnet; bring magnet; pulled by a magnet; positive/negative/opposite poles of a magnet; magnetic compass; magnetic poles; magnetic field

Examples of Simple Sentences:
A magnetic compass is an essential device used in maritime navigation.
The magnetic compass indicated their direction.
The Earth is a magnet that interacts with other magnets.
It is influenced by the Earth’s magnetic field.
Our ship was like a magnet for the cadets.
In the last year, the market seemed to become a magnet for good news.

Definition

(v) make a visible impression or stain on

Parts of speech:  

verb: mark/marks, marking, marked
noun: mark, marks; marker, markers
adjective: marked
adverb: markedly


Synonyms: scar, scratch, imprint, brand, feature, illustrate, stain, label, tag distinguish

Collocations: mark down details; mark up with pen; mark in bold; marks the beginning; make a mark; remove mark; visible mark; low-tide mark; high-water marks; above the mark; below the mark; sign mark; punctuation mark

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Our maps have always been more accurate in marking topography.
The ship follows the route marked on the map.
They were looking for an identifying mark.
Why did he remove that mark? We need to mark up every shipment.
The document was marked as incomplete, so please complete it today and send it again.
Mark these boxes as fragile before sending them to the warehouse.

Definition

(v) direct someone's attention toward something by extending one's finger or something held in one's hand; (n) a particular spot, place or position

Parts of speech:  

verb: point/points, pointing, pointed
noun: point, points; pointer, pointers
adjective: pointed; pointless
adverb: pointedly; pointlessly


Synonyms: indicate, show, point out, draw attention to, direct, level, lead, guide, train, steer, perspective, side, position, identify, specify, refer to

Collocations: point at; point to success; point it north; access point; crossing point; turning point; one point ahead; starting point; reference point; make a point; according to their point of view

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Sundials use the shadow of a needle to point to the time on a metal clock face.
This was the starting point of the voyage.
He pointed in the direction of the ship.
They started from the basic point.
He missed the main point. What’s the point in asking this?
What’s your point? Yes, I see your point.
Can you point me in the right direction?
This was a point of reference in her studies.
She has now a different point of view.
The professor gets to the point.

Definition

(v) move or cause to move in a circle around an axis or centre

Parts of speech:  

verb: rotate/rotates, rotating, rotated
noun: rotation, rotations
adjective: rotational; rotary


Synonyms: go round, turn, turn round, move round, roll, spin, revolve, wheel, reel

Collocations: be able to rotate; can rotate; begin to rotate; seem to rotate; rotate head; rotate slowly; rotate back and forth

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The Earth’s eastward rotation causes the Sun to rise in the east and set in the west.
The paddle allowed the boat to rotate slowly.
They tried to rotate the wheel back to its original position.
Suddenly, it began to rotate quickly.

Definition

(n) a dark area or shape produced by a body coming between rays of light and a surface

Parts of speech:  

noun: shadow, shadows
verb: shadow/shadows, shadowing, shadowed
adjective: shadowy


Synonyms: darkness, semi-darkness, shape, shade, screen, obscurity, silhouette, profile, contour, cover, outline, gloom

Collocations: cast a shadow; make a shadow; produce a shadow; use a shadow; into shadow; out shadow; from shadow; without the shadow doubt

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Sundials use the shadow of a needle to point to the time on a metal clock face.
Our boat’s sail cast a shadow on the water.
It was a combination of light and shadow that prevented me from identifying our boat right away.
In the afternoon, the shadows of the buildings get longer.
The ship created a deep shadow.
As children, we were always making shadows on the wall.

Definition

(v) make a clock or other device operate by turning a handle or key; to arrange the affairs of and dissolve a company

Parts of speech:  

verb: wind up/winds up, winding up, wound up
noun: wind up, winds up
adjective: wind up


Synonyms: end, end up, finish, finish up, land up, wrap up, settle, complete, bring to a close, conclude

Collocations: wind-up clock; wind up the mechanism; wind-up device; wind up proceedings; winding up negotiations

Examples of Simple Sentences:
John Harrison built a marine chronometer. You had to wind up the mechanism on this mechanical clock.
She forgot to wind up her grandmother’s clock yesterday.
To make that device work, you need to wind it up a few times.
This is a very old wind-up marine chronometer.
Their company wound up the proceedings last week.
He would be winding up the negotiations today.